Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Source of Citizenship: A Common Definition

According to the definition of citizenship, citizenship seems to have these features:

• Members of a community that reside on a permanent basis in a territory.
• Enjoyment of rights that must be protected by the city or state, is the opportunity to participate in the work of the community's government policy directly or indirectly.

Citizenship in Greco-Roman Antiquity

In Roman law, the term civis was reserved for members of the community: men, not slaves, of age, born to Roman parents, etc. Women, slaves, foreigners, etc. were not considered citizens and had fewer rights. In Greece, the recognized political term used to refer to the citizen was a member of the political community that met the requirements.... Continue reading "Understanding Citizenship: From Ancient Greece to Rome" »

Public Limited Company (Corporation)

A Public Limited Company (PLC), often referred to as a Corporation, is a legal entity where capital is divided into shares, which can be registered or bearer.

Articles of Association and Capital Requirements

Its written Articles of Association (or Bylaws) govern the company's operations, covering aspects not explicitly mandated by law. The minimum capital, unless otherwise specified by law, is 60,000 euros. Of this, 25% must be disbursed at the time of the company's constitution, with the remaining amounts payable within a maximum period of five years.

Shareholder Rights

Shares represent an aliquot part of the company's capital and confer a series of fundamental rights upon their holders:

• Right to vote in General

Public Documents

These documents are drafted in accordance with legal requirements and with the intervention of a public official, thereby carrying greater legal weight and effectiveness than common documents.

Public documents pertaining to legal acts include:

• Deeds executed by public notaries in their protocol books, or by other officials with similar powers, and copies of those books taken as prescribed by law.
• Any other instrument issued by clerks or civil servants in the manner prescribed by law.
• Entries in brokers' books, in cases and as determined by the Commercial Code.
• Court papers made in records and signed by the parties, in cases and ways established by procedural law, and copies of such records issued by order of the presiding judge.
• Letters

This document outlines key periods and legislative changes in 19th-century Spanish politics, beginning with the foundational work of the Cortes of Cadiz.

The Courts of Cadiz and the 1812 Constitution

Convened during a period of national crisis, the Cortes of Cadiz drafted a constitution that aimed to reform the old regime. Key aspects of the final text adopted in 1812 included:

• Sovereignty: Resides in the Nation.
• Division of Powers:
  • Legislative: Resides in the Cortes with the King, who can sanction and veto legislation. The Cortes are unicameral.
  • Executive: The King, assisted by secretaries who are accountable to the Cortes. The King has important limitations (orders must be validated by the signature of the Minister, cannot dissolve the Cortes,

Commercial Law Content

The content of the second commercial is synthesized as follows:

• Regulation of the employer and its legal status
• Company Law
• Law of obligations and commercial contracts
• Law of securities
• Bankruptcy law
• Competition law and industrial property

Sources of Commercial Law

The commercial law system participates in the formal sources of our legal system which, remember, according to Art. 1 CC is the law, custom, and general principles of law. However, Art. 2 BCC provides a specialty in the hierarchy of sources. Specifically, Article 2Cco provides that acts of trade are governed by: 1, by the provisions contained therein, failing that, that is, if no applicable provision 2nd custom or usage by commercial (commercial uses) and 3rd the absence... Continue reading "Commercial Law: Employer Status, Sources, and Key Concepts" »

The Single Business Window (FUE)

The Single Business Window (FUE) is an initiative launched in 1999. It was jointly established by various ministries (Justice, Economy, Finance, Labor and Social Affairs, Public Administration), autonomous regions, municipalities, Chambers of Commerce, and the Higher Council of Chambers of Commerce. Its primary goal is to facilitate the creation of companies through two main objectives:

• Inform and Advise Entrepreneurs: Provide comprehensive advice on various aspects of company creation, including required formalities for constitution, suitable legal forms, potential funding sources, public subsidies for firms, and job creation incentives.
• Facilitate Processing: Streamline the administrative procedures involved

Heritage National Institute of Land Transport

Article 24: Assets of the National Institute of Land Transport

The assets of the National Institute of Land Transport are composed of:

1. Those movable and immovable property, rights, and shares which were transferred at the time of its creation.
2. All those movable and immovable property, income, rights, and shares it acquires in accordance with the law.

Income of the National Institute of Land Transport

Article 25: Income Sources

The income of the National Institute of Land Transport consists of:

1. All income earned as a result of its management, as well as the product of its economic activities with natural or legal persons, domestic or foreign.
2. The income from fines and records reviews conducted by the Technical

What is the principle of promptness in administrative procedure? It obliges the authorities and officials of the organs of state administration to act on their own initiative in the initiation of the procedure in question and its continuation, with expedited procedures to process the file and remove obstacles that affect its prompt and proper decision.

What is Rejection in the administrative procedure? Any interested party may waive a right or withdraw its request if it is not prohibited by law. If the procedure was initiated by two or more stakeholders, abandonment or waiver applies only to those who have made it.

What is the expiration of the administrative procedure? It is a form of punishment of the petitioner for failure to provide records... Continue reading "Key Principles of Administrative Procedures" »

The Fourth Republic inherited almost all the defects of the Third Republic: weak governments, ineffective parliaments, and widespread public disappointment and cynicism. While it achieved important goals in social and economic aspects, its main weakness was the problem of colonialism. The insurrection in Algiers in 1958 ultimately caused its demise.

Fearing that Paris would be taken, the only person who could control the situation, General de Gaulle, was called upon. Hailed by the people, De Gaulle tried to reassure the left, while the right, the settlers, and army chiefs believed that he would keep Algeria as a French colony.

The Fifth Republic: General Characteristics

In June 1958, the National Assembly invested General de Gaulle as head of... Continue reading "France's Fifth Republic: Genesis and Enduring Legacy" »