Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Credit Assignment and Subrogation in Civil Law

• Change of creditor.
• Assigned.

It is a voluntary act. It is a legal transaction: a transfer of a credit title to a new creditor. The assignment is a business transaction between the assignor (original creditor or transferor) and the transferee (new creditor).

The assignment can be for consideration (the assignor receives payment, which will be paid by the transferee) or gratuitous (the assignor receives nothing in return).

The debtor may or may not have knowledge of or consent to the transfer of credit. Knowledge is irrelevant to the validity of the transfer, although it affects its legal effects. The main effects are:

Payment of the obligation

• Payment of the obligation: If the debtor, without knowledge

Court Inspections: CGPJ & Judicial Oversight

Court inspections can be performed automatically by the CGPJ (Consejo General del Poder Judicial) itself or at the request of the Ministry of Justice. Therefore, the CGPJ is responsible for the higher inspection and supervision of all courts. This is in addition to regular gubernatorial inspections carried out continuously by executive bodies, namely:

• The President of the TS (Tribunal Supremo)
• The Presidents of the Supreme Court and Provincial Courts (Audiencias Provinciales - PA)
• The Presidents of Chambers and Sections
• Judges regarding their own courts

The inspection must be carried out by a judge or magistrate of a grade lower than that of the head of the inspected body. All court personnel and partners... Continue reading "Judicial Oversight & Non-Judicial Court Functions in Spain" »

1. Formal Administrative Activity

This perspective identifies administrative activity with the formal legal system of management, including administrative procedures, contracts, expropriation, responsibility, and omissions. It is defined by a set of rules that govern the operation of executive power, aiming to protect the interests of social groups.

2. Material Administrative Activity

This complementary perspective analyzes the specific sectors impacted by Public Administration (AAPP). It examines the actions, techniques, and means employed within these sectors—essentially focusing on the functions performed by the administration. This analysis connects to broader issues beyond administrative law, such as determining the state's objectives,... Continue reading "Understanding Administrative Law: Formal and Material Perspectives" »

Taxpayer Responsibilities

Defining Responsible Parties

Responsible parties are individuals or entities designated to manage tax matters alongside primary debtors. They are determined by legal standards and are not directly liable but act as intermediaries.

Types of Responsibility

• Joint and Several Liability: All responsible parties share equal liability for the tax debt.
• Subsidiary Liability: This applies when the primary debtor fails to fulfill their tax obligations. The tax administration must follow a specific procedure:

Subsidiary Liability Procedure

1. Declaration of Insolvency: The tax administration declares the primary debtor insolvent.
2. Derivation of Responsibility: A formal act transferring responsibility to the subsidiary party is issued

1. Defining the Administrative Function

The administrative function is defined as the exercise of state authority under a specific legal framework.

2. The Principle of Legality

The principle of legality dictates that no state organ or individual may make a decision that does not conform to established general legal provisions.

3. Understanding the Scope of Legality

From a material point of view, the principle of legality requires that individual decisions must be based on abstract, pre-existing legal standards.

4. Violations of Administrative Legality

Common violations include failures to uphold:

• The right to a hearing
• Equality before the law
• Fair distribution of public burdens
• Prohibition of unjust enrichment

5. Exceptions to Material Legality

The primary... Continue reading "Understanding Administrative Law and the Principle of Legality" »

Labor Contracts in Agriculture

Agreement and Reciprocation

A labor contract is an agreement by which a farm worker is obliged to provide their labor services to a business owner or entrepreneur, and the business owner or entrepreneur is obliged to reciprocate for these services.

Form and Duration

The contract must include the following information:

• Name and address of the worker and the business owner
• Company
• Worker's professional category
• Pay and allowances
• Duration and distribution of working hours
• Duration and form of remuneration

Types of Contracts

Indefinite Contracts

• Regular: The worker becomes a permanent employee of the company.
• Promotion of Indefinite Recruitment: Created for workers facing more difficulties in the labor market.

Fixed-Term Contracts

Spain's Bourbon Restoration in 1874

The pronouncement of General Martínez Campos in December 1874 signified the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II. The new political system was designed by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, who served as regent until the king arrived in Spain in January 1875.

The coup was welcomed by conservative groups who feared the radicalization of the previous political term and the rise of the workers' movement. They hoped the monarchy would restore political stability and foster economic and social development. Furthermore, the new regime aimed to overcome some of the endemic problems of the preceding liberal era: the partisan and exclusionary nature of the moderates during the reign... Continue reading "Spain's Bourbon Restoration: The Canovist System of 1874" »

Spanish State and Law

Spanish State: State of law, which means that all public authorities are subject to the law.

Types of Administrations

• The General Administration of the State (AGE).
• The Administrations of the Autonomous Communities (CCAA).
• The entities comprising the Local Administration.
• Public Entities dependent on the State, the CCAA, or local bodies.

Excluded Affairs in Administrative Courts

The cases that are processed in other jurisdictions include:

• The military discipline appeal.
• The conflict between the courts and the Public Administration.
• Conflicts between two administrations.

Administrative Inactivity Recourse

This occurs when a general provision is required to perform a particular benefit for a person or persons, and this action is not... Continue reading "Spanish Administrative Law: Procedures and Appeals" »

Null and Void Administrative Acts

62. Null and void.

1. Acts of public authorities are null and void in the following cases:

• Those that infringe the rights and freedoms subject to constitutional protection.
• Acts dictated by a manifestly incompetent organ by reason of the subject or territory.
• Those having impossible content.
• Those establishing a criminal offense or issued as a result of one.
• Acts completely and utterly ignoring the legally established procedures or rules containing the essential rules for the formation of the will of collegiate bodies.
• Express or alleged acts contrary to law by which powers or rights are acquired when the prerequisites for their acquisition are lacking.
• Any other as expressly set forth in a provision of legal status.

Characteristics of a Limited Liability Company (SL)

A Limited Liability Company (SL) is a commercial trade entity where the capital is divided into social parts. One of its primary features is that partners do not respond personally to social debts. It is characterized by its closed nature, meaning shares cannot be freely transmitted to outsiders without specific conditions.

Capital and Incorporation Requirements

The rules for an SL are more flexible than those for a Public Limited Company (SA). The minimum capital required is €3,012, which must be fully paid upon constitution. The company is unlisted and cannot be traded on the stock exchange.

Requirements for Constitution:

• Incorporation must be done through a public deed or in writing.
• The identity