Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Mortgage

Definition of Mortgage:

A mortgage is security for the payment of debt. It is created by a written document providing security for the performance of a duty or the payment of debt. More specifically, a mortgage is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt, or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability.

Key Terms:

• Mortgagor: The transferor (borrower) is called the mortgagor.
• Mortgagee: The transferee (lender) is called the mortgagee.
• Mortgage Money: The principal money and interest secured for payment is called mortgage money.
• Mortgage Deed: The instrument by which the transfer is effected is

Power of Attorney

In today's fast-paced world, our activities and engagements have increased significantly. As individuals become busier, the need to rely on others for assistance has grown. Consequently, the importance of a Power of Attorney has become increasingly apparent.

Definition

A Power of Attorney is a legal instrument that authorizes a specified person to act on behalf of another person, known as the principal.

Types of Power of Attorney

There are several types of Power of Attorney:

• General Power of Attorney

  A General Power of Attorney grants the agent broad authority to perform various acts or exercise all powers that the principal could exercise regarding specific property or matters.

• Special Power of Attorney

  A Special Power of Attorney

Legal System and Social Issues

Authorities (power) / bravery / capitalism / citizen (population) / citizenship / civil servants (public)

Chapter 15: Negligence

1. Negligence

Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. It is an unintentional tort where the defendant acted unreasonably but did not intend to commit the act or cause harm.

Note: No punitive damages may be awarded in cases of negligence.

1. Elements of Negligence:

• Duty
• Breach of Duty
• Causation
• Damages

2. Defenses Against Negligence:

• Statute of Limitations
• Act of God
• Contributory or Comparative Negligence on the Part of the Plaintiff
• Assumption of Risk by the Plaintiff
• Immunity

5 Liability Issues:

• Lack of Supervision
• Improper Instruction or Training
• Unsafe Use of Equipment
• Improper Medical Care
• Negligence in Transportation

***Note: Nothing on product... Continue reading "Negligence, Liability, and Risk Management in Sports and Recreation" »

Overriding Protection and Adverse Possession

The Limitation Act 1980 previously granted overriding protection to individuals who had acquired rights through adverse possession (AP) for 12 uninterrupted years. This meant that even if someone hadn't yet reached the 12-year threshold, they could still receive protection, preventing a third-party purchaser from evicting them. However, this approach created inconsistencies in the law.

The Land Registration Act 2002 Reform

The Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 brought significant changes to the doctrine of adverse possession. Section 96 and Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002 now govern this area. Notably, Section 96 abolishes the Limitation Act 1980's time limits for registered land. As a result, owning land... Continue reading "Overriding Interests and Adverse Possession: Understanding the Land Registration Act 2002" »

Athleticism vs. Commercialization

Athleticism is a sporting style that has been shaped over the course of modernity and thus finds its justification internally in the satisfaction that the participants derive from their own performances or in the attainment of a specialized skill that is unrelated to any other social code.

The Olympic Games are the most important athletic games organized globally due to the participation of such large numbers of athletes and national teams and also to the fact that very large numbers of people from all around the world watch them via the media. Television plays the most important role in this respect, given that it transmits images from the Olympic Games to billions of people worldwide because of the enormous... Continue reading "Athleticism, Commercialization, and Legal Ethics in Sports" »

1. National Membership Organizations

Non-profit organizations that represent state and local governments. The "Big 7" include: Council of State Governments, National Governors Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, National League of Cities, United States Conference of Mayors, National Association of Counties, and the International City/County Management Association.

2. Direct Democracy

Also known as pure democracy, this is a form of government in which people decide on policy initiatives directly. Examples include ancient Athens and Switzerland.

3. Historical Quotes

Who said, "You finish the picture and I will furnish the war?" William Randolph Hearst, January 25, 1898.

4. Nullification

His case for nullification was forcefully argued... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in American Government and Politics" »

Key Vocabulary by Category

Official Authority, Government, and Law

• Inquisition: A period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.
• Insurrection: A violent uprising against an authority or government.
• Junta: A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.
• Municipal: Relating to a city or town or its governing body.
• Lobby: To seek to influence a politician or public official on an issue.
• Oligarchy: A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
• Ordinance: A piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
• Ratify: To sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.
• Regime: A government, especially an authoritarian one.
• Sanction:

Essential Commercial and Financial Documents

Understanding the various commercial and financial documents is crucial for smooth business operations and international trade. Each document serves a specific purpose, ensuring clarity, legality, and proper record-keeping.

Order Proposal

An Order Proposal is a document by which the buyer or customer agrees to acquire goods ordered from the supplier.

• It is always signed by the person who makes the request.
• Each company will settle its own order.

Delivery Note

A Delivery Note is a document issued by the supplier or seller, detailing the goods being delivered.

• It accompanies a shipment of goods.
• It lists the description and quantity of the goods delivered.
• It is returned to the seller or consignor as proof of