Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

A partnership is a form of business where two or more people share ownership, as well as the responsibility for managing the company and the income or losses the business generates. That income is paid to partners, who then claim it on their personal tax returns – the business is not taxed separately, as corporations are, on its profits or losses.

There are three types of partnerships:

• General partnership
• Limited partnership
• Joint venture

General Partnership

In a general partnership, each partner shares equally in the workload, liability, and profits generated and paid out to the partners. All partners are actively involved in the business’s operations.

Limited Partnership

Limited partnerships allow outside investors to buy into a business but... Continue reading "Understanding the Different Types of Partnerships and Their Key Differences" »

Crimes and Criminals

Legal Proceedings

Common Prepositional Phrases in Legal Contexts

Adjective-Preposition Combinations

Crime Data and Statistics

The majority of crime data exists in the form of statistics. While many people take statistics to be "objective", no data speak for themselves. All data, statistical or otherwise, have limitations and can be interpreted in a number of different ways. A solid understanding of crime requires a critical understanding of crime data (e.g., we should always ask: where does the data come from? Who collected the data? What are its limitations?).

Types of Crime Data

Official crime data = data collected by government agencies (e.g., FBI and the Justice Department).

• Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Unofficial crime data = nongovernmental data usually collected by private agencies and researchers,... Continue reading "Understanding Crime Data and Statistics" »

VANS GEND & LOOS

THE COURT

IN ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS REFERRED TO IT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING BY THE TARIEFCOMMISSIE BY DECISION OF 16 AUGUST 1962, HEREBY RULES :

1 . ARTICLE 12 OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY PRODUCES DIRECT EFFECTS AND CREATES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS WHICH NATIONAL COURTS MUST PROTECT .

2 . IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER CUSTOMS DUTIES OR CHARGES HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT HAVE BEEN INCREASED CONTRARY TO THE PROHIBITION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 12 OF THE TREATY, REGARD MUST BE HAD TO THE DUTIES AND CHARGES ACTUALLY APPLIED BY THE MEMBER STATE IN QUESTION AT THE DATE OF THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE TREATY .

SUCH AN INCREASE CAN ARISE BOTH FROM A RE-ARRANGEMENT OF THE TARIFF RESULTING IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE... Continue reading "pue" »

Victims of a Crime Should Have a Say in the Criminal's Punishment

I think the victims of a crime should be involved in deciding the criminal's punishment but within the framework of existing laws. Sometimes laws are not as tough as they should be, and considering the victim's opinion could lead to a reevaluation of these laws based on the real trauma that victims have endured.

However, caution should be exercised with the victim's input, as they may seek their own form of justice, which goes against the purpose of established laws. For example, in cases of sexual assault, judges should consider the victim's experience and impose a sentence that includes rehabilitation in addition to jail time, as the perpetrators may have underlying psychological... Continue reading "Involvement of Crime Victims in Criminal Punishment Decisions" »

The Genesis of Magna Carta

King John's Reluctant Concessions

Though King John spoke of advising, he favored the barons only because he had no other choice after losing a civil war. The first and most important declaration was the liberty of the Church: from 1215 onward, the king was not to interfere with the Church. Pope Innocent III, with whom John had famously quarreled, played a significant role. Despite the king's assertion that his decision was voluntary (“of our own free will”), it is known he was forced to sign the Great Charter after a war with the Church and the barons.

Enduring Principles for Future Monarchs

The rules in this document applied not only to John but to all succeeding monarchs. This is why it reads “for us and our heirs... Continue reading "Magna Carta's Impact: Shaping English Constitutional Law" »

Affordable Care Act:

1. Insurers cannot reject a person with a pre-existing condition as of 2014.

2. Adult children can stay on their parent's plan until the age of 26.

3. Insurers cannot rescind benefits due to an insured individual's honest mistake on the insurance application.

4. No lifetime limits on coverage.

5. Insurers must cover certain preventative services without applying co-payments, coinsurance, or deductibles.

6. Individuals can choose primary care physicians from within a plan's provider network and can obtain services from an OB-GYN without a referral from a physician.

7. Insurers must provide rebates to participants if certain percentages are not met.

Health Insurance Plans:

1. Traditional health insurance plans

2. Managed-care plans: