Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

German-English Vocabulary List

Fashion and Appearance

• attend zugegen sein (v)
• contrast Kontrast (n)
• gorgeous umwerfend (adj)
• outfit Outfit (n)
• pale blass (adj)
• peace Frieden (n)
• peaceful friedlich (adj)
• prayer Gebet (n)
• scarf Schal (n)
• shade Schattierung (n)
• wear tragen (v)
• symbolise symbolisieren (v)
• badge Kennzeichen (n)
• decoration Verzierung (n)
• express ausdrücken (v)
• eye-catching auffällig (adj)
• face-paint Schminkmaske (n)
• hue Farbschattierung (n)
• individuality Individualität (n)
• label Label (n)
• message Botschaft (n)
• packaging Verpackung (n)
• pattern Muster (n)
• schoolboy Schuljunge (n)
• select wählen (v)
• shelf Regal (n)
• sophistication Erfahrenheit (n)
• uniform Uniform (n)

Emotions and Abstract Concepts

• anger Zorn (n)
• associate verbinden (v)
• cold kalt (adj)
• courage Mut

Geoffrey Chaucer: Civil Servant and Poet

For example, he took part in several diplomatic missions to Spain, France, and Italy. Chaucer was a hardworking civil servant who wrote poetry as a diversion.

Diplomatic Missions and Italian Renaissance Influence

The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy was in all likelihood a milestone in his literary development. This visit brought him into direct contact with the Italian Renaissance—Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. These writers provided him with new subject matter and new modes of representation.

Major Literary Works and Sources

Boccaccio provided sources for The Canterbury Tales, and for his longest poem, Troilus and Criseyde, one of the greatest love poems in any language.

The Influence of

Beowulf: An Ancient English Epic Poem

• Setting: Around the sixth century.
• Written Down: Probably not until the eighth century.
• Significance: Considered the first heroic text in English literature.
• Protagonist: A brave young man from southern Sweden.
• Author: Anonymous.
• Form: Written in verse.

The Canterbury Tales: Chaucer's Medieval Masterpiece

• Author: Geoffrey Chaucer.
• Period: Written between 1387 and 1400.
• Structure: A collection of short stories presented as a frame story.
• Plot: Follows a group of 30 pilgrims traveling to Canterbury.
• Characters: Pilgrims from all layers of society.
• Purpose of Stories: To pass the time during their journey.

Hamlet: Shakespeare's Iconic Tragedy of Revenge

• Theme: Revenge.
• Type: Tragedy, Drama.
• Setting: Denmark.
• Plot Summary:
  • Events

True or False

T Kunta Kinte was born in Juffure.

F The Koro family was friendly with Kunta Kinte. They were enemies.

T Silla is Omoro's brother.

T John Waller owns a tobacco plantation.

T Kunta Kinte tries to escape John Waller's farm during the New Year party.

F Part 2 happens 20 years after part 1. Only 12 years pass.

T Kunta joins the army as an officer.

T Fiddler dies during Kizzy's naming ceremony.

T Noah dies in a big fire in the woods.

T Tom Lea lives in North Carolina.

F Mingo is Kunta Kinte's uncle. Mingo is a friend of Chicken George.

F In the duel, both men have the right to shoot their guns three times. They can only shoot twice.

T Marcellus offers $2,000 for Kizzy's freedom.

F Mingo dies because of sickness. He dies from a beating.

T George is... Continue reading "Roots: A Study Guide" »

Accounting Concepts and Calculations

1. Income Statement

• Gross Sales: Total sales before any deductions.
• Returns: Deducted from gross sales to calculate net sales.
• Cash Discounts: Deducted from gross sales to calculate net sales.
• Net Sales: Gross sales minus returns and cash discounts.
• Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): The cost of the goods sold during the period.
• Other Expenses: Expenses not related to COGS.
• Profit Before Tax: Net sales minus COGS and other expenses.
• Tax Expense: Taxes owed on profit before tax.
• Net Income: Profit before tax minus tax expense.

2. Balance Sheet

• Accounts Receivable: Money owed to the company by customers for goods or services sold on credit.
• Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (ADA): An estimate of the amount of accounts receivable

The Origins of Rome and Early Italian Peoples

• When was the city of Rome founded? 8th Century BC
• Which groups of people inhabited the Italian Peninsula and the islands around it when Rome was founded? The Latins, Etruscans, and Greeks.
• Which group was settled in the area of Rome when it was founded? The Latins.
• In which area was there a significant number of Greek colonies? Southern modern-day Italy and the island of Sicily.
• What was the name of this area (Ancient Greece)? Magna Graecia (Greater Greece).
• When was it colonized? In the Archaic Period.
• What political system did Rome originally have? A Monarchy.

Key Concepts in Roman Governance and Society

True or False Statements: Early Roman History

Indicate whether the following statements are true or... Continue reading "Foundations of Ancient Rome: Origins, Society, and Governance" »

Ezra Pound: The Innovator of Modernist Criticism

Ezra Pound was the first innovator, and everything he did was new and directed to supersede the past. He devised the advancement of Modernism. His writings are intransferable and colloquial; they are aggressive and personal. Sometimes, apart from critical writings, we can see his journalistic prose.

The Conception and Function of Criticism

Conception of Criticism: He considered criticism an unimportant task that was secondary, and he was opposed to Matthew Arnold. The criticism must fulfill two conditions:

• The critic should be an artist.
• It should be criticism that compels people to write better; it should be a didactic criticism.

This criticism for him has two functions: Before the creation of the

Pío Baroja: Life and Career

Pío Baroja, born in San Sebastián, studied medicine but had a minor in Cestona. Back in Madrid, his contacts with other writers led him to fully devote himself to literary pursuits. After a series of contributions in newspapers and magazines, he published his first book in 1900. His production includes The Tree of Knowledge (written in 1911) and over 17 important novels.

In 1935, he entered the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), and he died in 1956. He was a lonely and bitter man, considering himself among those who possess more than the necessary sensitivity. His shyness, spirit of independence, and misogyny led him to reject marriage, while he simultaneously condemned prostitution. He was able to feel tenderness for... Continue reading "Pío Baroja: Literary Legacy and Philosophical Insights" »

Character Profiles

• Frankenstein: A young, tall, thin, and intelligent man. A character very willing to learn new things.
• Elizabeth: A tall and quite beautiful woman. Her character: she worries a lot about Frankenstein and she loved Victor very much.
• Henry: Victor's friend since childhood. When Victor left, he envied him. An eager and intelligent man.
• The Monster: It was very ugly, very tall, and big. He longed to be friendly with everybody, but he couldn't. A bit aggressive.
• Father: A man with clear ideas. He wanted the best for his son. Intelligent.
• William: A naive child. He needs more experience.

Key Plot Points

1. A thunderstorm night, with lightning in the electricity.
2. That his brother died.
3. He studied chemistry and medicine.
4. That Victor marry Elizabeth.

T.S. Eliot's Influence on Literary Criticism

T.S. Eliot was an influential figure in literature. While the literary canon naturally changes with society, Eliot managed single-handedly to modify the canon of English literature through his criticism.

Revitalizing and Reshaping the Canon

He revitalized whole periods of English literature that were almost forgotten, including:

• The Jacobean drama
• Metaphysical poets
• John Dryden
• The poetry of Dante
• Symbolist poetry

However, he also criticized Romantic poetry, managing to impose a dislike for it because he felt it descended into sentimentalism.

Eliot's Critical Concepts

He introduced a series of critical concepts that have exerted an enormous influence on how criticism was conducted in the 20th century. For Eliot,... Continue reading "T.S. Eliot's Critical Theories and Literary Impact" »