Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Latin

Secció A: Volcans, Meteorologia i Hidrologia

1.1 Composició Volcànica

1. CO₂, vapor d’aigua, H₂S, ... (del volcà o en fumaroles)
2. Les colades de lava estan formades d’una fracció líquida important.
3. Cendres, bombes, lapil·li (gredes, pedra pòmez...), etc.

2.2 Condicions Meteorològiques i Pressió

Com que els vents vénen del Nord (nord – nord-est, si es vol ser més precís), les temperatures seran fresques o fredes, depenent de l’època de l’any. La pressió atmosfèrica a Catalunya, segons el mapa, és de 1000-1004 hPa (mb).

3.2 Càlcul del Cabal del Riu

Segons el tall de la gràfica, la casa es veu afectada quan l’aigua del riu arriba als 4 metres. Tenint en compte que la llera és de forma triangular, la secció que té el riu... Continue reading "Anàlisi Geològica, Meteorològica i Hidrològica a Catalunya" »

Key Early 20th Century Spanish Novelists

This period saw a flourishing of diverse styles, from humor to modernism and the avant-garde.

Writers Focused on Humor

Fernandez Flores: His main interest was the creation of the modern humorous novel in Spain. For him, humor was an attitude towards life, increasingly critical and intellectual (Volvoreta, The Living Forest...).

Ramón Gómez de la Serna: He wrote novels, short stories, and avant-garde theater. However, his most interesting works are the greguerías (humorous lyrical images establishing witty, unusual relationships between two objects or concepts), which he defined as: humor + metaphor.

Modernist Novelists

Gabriel Miró: He presents a special care in his prose. Formed in modernism (Cherries

José María Iparraguirre (1820-1881): A Life Dedicated to Basque Identity

José María Iparraguirre was born in Urretxu, Gipuzkoa. As a young boy, he moved to Madrid with his parents. At the age of 13, he returned to the Basque Country and fought in favor of the Carlists in defense of the *Fuero* during the First Carlist War. In 1839, after the war's end, he did not approve of the Embrace of Bergara, believing the promise was not kept. Consequently, he had to leave for exile, along with many others.

Exile and the Birth of "Gernikako Arbola"

Abroad, he found protection from a French soprano singer. In addition to learning French, he studied reading, music, and the songs of French poets. In 1852, he returned to the Basque Country and sang "*Gernikako... Continue reading "José María Iparraguirre: Basque Bard and Symbol of Freedom" »

The Splendor and Fall of the Baroque

The Baroque is the cultural and artistic movement that developed during the 17th century. This era coincided with a period of economic and social crisis, marked by:

• Poverty and depopulation.
• The expulsion of the Moors.
• Kings leaving the government in the hands of politicians.
• A serious crisis caused by bankruptcy and the decline in the arrival of precious metals from America.
• The impoverishment of the majority of the population. Disillusionment and disappointment replaced Renaissance ideals.

Thought and Culture

The Baroque period was characterized by pessimism and disillusionment. Humanist ideals were abandoned in favor of a deeper focus on religion. This sense of crisis was reflected in a culture of violent contrasts.... Continue reading "Baroque Era: Art, Culture, and Poetry of the 17th Century" »

La Celestina and the Dawn of Spanish Theater

Two Distinct Theatrical Traditions

Early Spanish theater encompassed two distinct genres:

• Religious Theater: Focused on themes related to the life of Jesus.
• Profane Theater: Included burlesque, as well as amorous and pastoral themes.

Significant authors of this period included Lucas Fernández and Juan del Encina. Encina's characters often used a rustic language known as sayagués. A representative character is the shepherd, known for singing, dancing, being infatuated, and neglecting their duties. The merit of these authors, and of theater throughout the 15th century, lies in the appearance of La Celestina, written by Fernando de Rojas.

Authorship and Editing of La Celestina

The first known edition of... Continue reading "La Celestina and Early Spanish Theater: A Deep Dive" »

FGL: Fuentevaqueros in 1898

Studied law, philosophy, and music. In 1919, he moved to Madrid, establishing relationships with prominent writers, poets, and artists of his generation. He was a NY Fellow in 1929-30.

In 1932, he founded La Barraca, a university theater company that brought classic and contemporary plays to the pueblos. He was assassinated in 1936.

Double-edged personality: Overwhelming charisma and vitality juxtaposed with intimate discomfort and the pain of living.

Poetics

• His attitude is very strict.
• Poetry where passion and perfection, the human and the aesthetic, coexist in a rare purity.
• Popular and cultured elements are intertwined.

Literary Works

First Book: Book of Poems (1921)

• Influenced by Bécquer and Machado, modernism.
• Themes:

Germanic Origins of the Spanish Language

In the 5th century, Germanic peoples arrived in the Iberian Peninsula from lands north of the Roman Empire. Although their presence hardly altered the existing linguistic situation, groups like the Suevos, Vandals, and Alans preceded the Visigoths. The Visigoths, a strongly Romanized people, came to dominate Hispania. They brought their taste for epic poems (Hazañas de Héroes) to our country.

Germanisms are words of Germanic origin introduced into our language by the Visigoths. Examples include:

• Burgo (borough)
• Falda (skirt)
• Ganso (goose)

Arabic Influence on the Spanish Language

In 711, the first Arabs arrived in Spain, and shortly after, they dominated a large part of the peninsula. In the 10th century,... Continue reading "History of Spanish Language: Germanic, Arabic, Italian Influences" »

Modernism (1892-1906)

What period does Modernism encompass? From 1892 until 1906.

What characterizes this movement? The introduction of different aesthetic tendencies considered modern.

What stylistic trends contribute to renewed Modernist poetry?

• Regeneracionisme → Vitalism: Joan Maragall → Espontaneisme.
• Aestheticism → Symbolism: Rusiñol → Decadentisme.
• Pre-Raphaelitism: Alexandre de Riquer and Jeroni Zanné.
• Parnassianism (School of Mallorca): Miquel Costa i Llobera, Joan Alcover, Gabriel Alomar.

What kind of novels thrive during Modernism?

• The Naturalistic Novel: Raimon Casellas, The Fiery Assistant; Víctor Catala, Solitude; Adaptations: The Life and Death of George Fraginal.
• The Decadent Novel: Prudenci Bertrana, Josafat; Miquel de Palol,

Castilian: A Romance Language

Castilian is a Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and enriched with contributions from other dialects and languages. Since its inception, it tended to innovate, distinguishing it from other Iberian languages. Castilian emerged in the north of the peninsula and spread during the Reconquista. Alfonso X greatly contributed to Castilian through linguistic leveling, fixing spelling, and the development of Castilian prose. The invention of printing, the publication of Nebrija's Grammar of the Spanish Language, and the discovery of America expanded Castilian's reach.

Royal Spanish Academy

A growing interest in linguistics and language purity is reflected in the foundation of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) in 1714.... Continue reading "Castilian Language: History, Dialects, and Modern Usage" »

Modernism

Modernism, a poetic movement, was introduced by Rubén Darío, heavily influenced by the French Symbolists, including Verlaine and Mallarmé.

Rubén Darío came to Spain as an American delegate during the Colombian centenary celebrations. By this time, he had achieved success with his poetry collection, Azul. After living in Paris, where he was influenced by symbolist writers, he adapted their styles to Castilian. He wrote Prosas Profanas. Upon his return to Spain in 1899, he was already considered a master by young Spanish writers, who were captivated by the magical sound of his verse.

Rubén Darío sparked a genuine renewal in Spanish literature, incorporating symbolic forms, contrasting with the realistic art of the Restoration writers,... Continue reading "Spanish Modernism: Literary Movements and Influences" »