Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Renaissance Lyric and Petrarchan Influence

Petrarch inherited the Provencal lyric, cultured and classical literature, influencing the poets of his generation. Regarding formal Italian aspects: although the hendecasyllable was used in the previous century, Juan Boscán was definitely the one who introduced and recommended its practice to Garcilaso de la Vega.

Renaissance Stanzas and Style

In this way, Renaissance lyric compositions established stanzas and types usual in Italian lyric, such as:

• Chained triplets
• The lira
• The octava real
• The sonnet
• The Sapphic stanza

There was also a change in style, utilizing epithets, metaphors to characterize the physical traits of the lady, hyperbaton, enjambment, personification, and extensive cultismo.

La Celestina

The Gaucho: A Cultural Icon

The gaucho, a mixed-race figure of Creole and mestizo heritage, emerged as a distinct human type on the plains of the Rio de la Plata region, with origins tracing back to colonial times.

Gaucho Poetry: An Oral Tradition

Gaucho poetry originated as an oral tradition, later adopted and developed by learned poets into a written art form.

Gaucho Poetry and Romanticism

During the Romantic era, gaucho poetry gained significant momentum due to its national character, which resonated with the movement's focus on local color.

The Evolution of Gaucho Poetry

Gaucho poetry evolved through three distinct stages:

1. Anonymous minstrels reciting songs in makeshift settings.
2. The transition from oral recitation to written poems, marking the

Auto de los Reyes Magos

Esta obra, datada en el siglo XII, está considerada la primera pieza teatral conservada en castellano. De la obra se conservan 147 versos polimétricos. En ella, conversan los Reyes Magos (Melchor, Gaspar y Baltasar) con el rey Herodes. El texto se divide en 5 escenas:

• Escena 1: Monólogo de los reyes sobre el posible significado de la estrella.
• Escena 2: Se ponen de acuerdo y deciden seguirla.
• Escena 3: Los reyes manifiestan a Herodes que creen que ha nacido un nuevo rey y se dirigen hacia él con regalos.
• Escena 4: Herodes reúne a los sabios de su corte para determinar si su reino está en peligro.
• Escena 5: Los sabios discuten y dos rabinos se enfrentan por el significado de las escrituras que profetizaban la venida de

Jorge Manrique: Verses on the Death of His Father

Jorge Manrique was a distinguished poet of his time. His love poetry showcases one of the most personal voices of the era, and he is widely considered the greatest poet of his century due to his Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Verses on the death of his father).

Author Background

Born into a family of the Castilian nobility, Manrique participated in battles alongside his father and died in combat at the age of 39. He embodied the courtly ideal of bravery in combat and skill in letters, serving as one of the last representatives of the warrior aristocracy. He composed these verses following the death of his father, Don Rodrigo; the poem is a profound elegy.

The Theme of Death

The central theme is... Continue reading "Jorge Manrique: Analysis of Coplas a la Muerte de su Padre" »

Parnassianism: A Literary Movement

Parnassianism was a literary movement that emerged in France in the mid-nineteenth century and developed across European literature, eventually arriving in Brazil. This literary school stood in opposition to Romanticism, valuing science and positivism.

The name 'Parnassianism' originated in France, derived from 'Parnassus,' the mount of Apollo and the Muses of poetry in Greek mythology. In France, prominent Parnassian poets included Théophile Gautier, Leconte de Lisle, Théodore de Banville, and José Maria de Heredia.

Key Characteristics of Parnassianism

• Objectivity: Parnassian writers based their work on facts, setting aside subjectivity and emotion.
• Impersonality: The writer's personal vision did not interfere

1st Conjugation Verbs

• Laboro, -are, -avi, -atum: to work
• Laudo, -are, -avi, -atum: to praise
• Nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum: to announce
• Pugno, -are, -avi, -atum: to fight
• Porto, -are, -avi, -atum: to lead
• Specto, -are, -avi, -atum: to look
• Neco, -are, -avi, -atum: to kill
• Habito, -are, -avi, -atum: to live
• Infringo, -are, -avi, -atum: to hurt
• Paro, -are, -avi, -atum: to prepare
• Curo, -are, -avi, -atum: to care
• Impero, -are, -avi, -atum: to send
• Cogito, -are, -avi, -atum: to think
• Puto, -are, -avi, -atum: to think, believe

2nd Conjugation Verbs

• Deleo, -es, -ere, delevi, deletum: to destroy
• Praebeo, -es, -ere, praebui, praebitum: to offer
• Terreo, -es, -ere, terrui, territum: to scare
• Video, -es, -ere, vidi, visum: to see
• Habeo, -es, -ere, habui, habitum: to have
• Moneo,

Ancient Roman Heritage in Catalonia

In 218 BC, the Romans landed in the Greek colony of Empúries and, almost simultaneously, founded a military camp in Tarraco. The Romans chose this location because it offered a natural port and a rocky hill that provided a perfect defensive position. This hill was transformed into a fortress, serving as military protection.

Tarraco: Imperial Roman Capital

Tarraco was a central hub of the Roman Empire during its golden age, and its finest monuments date from that period. Some of these monuments are unique pieces of world heritage. Among the Roman ruins that can be visited in Tarragona are the following:

• The Roman Wall

  This wall was reinforced by rectangular towers, three of which are known: the Minerva, the Cabiscol,

Catalan Literature in the 19th Century

Language Context in the 19th Century

During the nineteenth century, confidence in the Catalan language was initially low among the educated classes. However, since the end of the eighteenth century, enlightened individuals and the bourgeoisie rediscovered its potential.

Romanticism Movement in Catalonia

Romanticism arose in Germany and England in the late eighteenth century. It spread throughout Europe, but its arrival in the Iberian Peninsula coincided with a period of decline for the movement elsewhere. It is linked to revolutionary movements.

Core Characteristics of Romanticism

• Dissatisfaction with the real world
• Nostalgia for the past
• Spiritualism and religious subjectivity
• Emphasis on imagination and fantasy
• Search

Unit 7: Origins of American Theater

17th and 18th Centuries

• First American play in English: William Berkeley’s The Lost Lady (1641).
• First play printed in America: Robert Hunter’s Androborus (1714).
• The Lewis Hallam troupe: Arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1752, performing several of Shakespeare’s plays.
• 1750s: Laws forbidding theater were passed in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island due to Puritan opposition.
• Late 18th Century: Construction of playhouses in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston.

Drama in the Post-Revolutionary Period

• Royall Tyler: Wrote the comedy The Contrast (1787), which explores the theme of two suitors and contrasts English and American character types, imitating Sheridan’s The

Catalan Humanism: The Shift from Medieval Thought

The Rise of Humanism

The late fourteenth century marked a significant shift from the medieval mindset. Across Europe, and particularly in the sixteenth century, a new focus on human agency emerged. This movement, known as humanism, liberated individuals from theocratic authority, placing them at the center of intellectual and artistic pursuits. Medieval dogmatism was abandoned, replaced by an environment where questioning and debate were encouraged. Reason became the primary source of knowledge, leading to a renewed interest in Greco-Latin culture.

Philosophically, humanism embraced Epicurean ideals, such as the pursuit of knowledge for pleasure, the avoidance of fear, and the questioning of... Continue reading "Catalan Humanism: Bernat Metge and the Dawn of Reason" »