Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Psychological and Social Causes in Poetry

These include emotional factors, expressive, social, and cultural constraints, and political and ideological reasons.

Social Euphemisms

Euphemisms are words or expressions that supersede taboos. Imbalances by equalities, Blind, blindness... Restriction of general meanings; they acquire specialized meanings. Mouse, menu, or network (computer). Extension of social, cultural, or certain professional terms that go into general use: Ghetto (quarter of a minority), Virus (computing).

Language Grounds

Change is influenced by the context in which the word is used: cut (coffee cut), compact (compact disc).

Types of Poems

The triplets, lira, encadenados, la la, the eighth Real, soneto, estancia, and the Sapphic Stanza.... Continue reading "Psychological, Social, and Linguistic Factors in Poetry" »

A Historical Overview of the Catalan Language

Origins and Early Texts

Catalan, a Romance language, traces its roots back to the ninth century in the Hispania region. The earliest documented Catalan text dates to the first half of the twelfth century. This fragment is from a translation of the Forum Iudicum, also known as the Book of Judges.

The Influence of Troubadour Poetry

Flourishing from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and from central France to the Pyrenees, troubadour poetry, primarily composed in Occitan (or Provençal), significantly impacted Catalan literature. The dominant genre was the canso (song). Other notable genres included the planh (lament for the deceased), the sirventes (satirical composition targeting rivals), and the canso

Predicative Sentences

Transitive

The action the subject performs falls on the direct object.

Intransitive

The action is not performed by the subject, and there is no direct object.

Reflexive

The action is performed on oneself.

Reciprocal

The action is performed one to another.

Origins of Our Language

The language has a lexical basis and is a Romance language.

Pre-Roman Substrate

The influence of languages present before the arrival of the Romans (Celts, Iberians, etc.).

Germanic and Arabic Superstrate

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, invasions by Germanic and Arab peoples occurred.

Adstrate

The influence of neighboring languages.

Patrimonial Words

Words that have evolved within our language.

Indo-European Family

• Romance Languages (Catalan,

Old Ballads and Their Significance

The Old Ballads represent a collection of ballads sung at the end of the Middle Ages. Popular interest in these ballads, which highlight the most important poets of the 16th and 17th centuries, continued. Cultic poets continued the tradition of written romances, and new romances emerged. Oral ballads, also known as modern romances, have been recognized from the late 19th century until today.

The origin of these romances can be traced to the late Middle Ages, stemming from the decomposition of *Songs of Gesta*. Most romances share common features, such as:

• Repetitions
• Didactic simplicity
• Enumerations
• Objective and impersonal narrator
• Lack of didacticism
• Abundance of Q&As

Romances are classified into several categories:... Continue reading "Old Ballads, Jorge Manrique, and La Celestina: Spanish Literature" »

Historical Context: The Reign of Isabella II

The reign of Isabella II began in 1833 with the support of the liberals and lasted until 1868, ending with the first revolution against the monarchy. The last 30 years of the 19th century encompassed the Sexenio Democrático, the Bourbon Restoration, and the Disaster of '98.

Literature: Structuralism and Modernism

In the second half of the 19th century, two new literary currents emerged: Realism and Naturalism.

Realism

Realism originated in France in 1848. Its main characteristics are:

• Objectivity: The artistic work aims to accurately reflect reality and its characters.
• Lifelike Characters: Characters seem taken from real life, described with psychological complexity.
• Recognizable Scenarios: Readers can

Eugeni d'Ors: Glossari i Context

Eugeni d'Ors és considerat un precursor clau del Noucentisme i un dels majors intel·lectuals i conservadors de l'època. Burgès, va exaltar el nacionalisme català i va pertànyer a la Lliga Regionalista. Va passar de l'IEC a Madrid, després de ser expulsat el 1920, i s'hi va establir el 1923, allunyant-se de la cultura catalana.

Des del gener de 1906 fins al gener de 1920, Ors va escriure una secció diària a La Veu de Catalunya anomenada Glossari, que va reprendre poc després, i fins al juliol de 1921, al diari El Poble Català. Així, les glosses d'Ors es van convertir en la base ideològica del Noucentisme.

Les glosses d'Ors no són un nou gènere, periodisme inèdit a Catalunya, destinat a informar i... Continue reading "Eugeni d'Ors i el Noucentisme: Conceptes Clau" »

Luis Cernuda (1902-1963)

Born in Seville, Cernuda also lived in Madrid and Salinas. As a student, he strengthened his friendship with members of the Generation of '27. He supported the wartime Republic. In 1938, he exiled himself to Mexico and never returned. A personality characterized by a lonely and painful sensitivity, he was vulnerable. His homosexual condition may explain his disagreement with the world and his rebellion, which is reflected in his life and his work.

Themes

• Loneliness
• Longing for a habitable world
• Craving for perfect beauty
• Love, reflecting the influence of Romantic writers

Style

His poetic language emerges from a triple rejection: of rhythms that are too marked, of rhyme, and of language rich in bright images.

Work

The Reality

Moral Reflection: The Poems of Jorge Manrique

His most representative work is the Coplas por la muerte de su padre (Stanzas on the Death of his Father).

Metrics

Manrique uses the so-called Manriqueña couplet (copla de pie quebrado), a stanza variety of 12 lines grouped into two sextets with a broken foot. The lines are octosyllabic (8 syllables), except for the 3rd and 6th lines of each sextet, which are tetrasyllabic (4 syllables). The rhyme scheme is typically abcabcdefdef.

Structure

The work is generally divided into three parts:

1. A doctrinal exposition of a philosophical nature, focusing on the destructive and relentless power of fortune, time, and death.
2. Reinforcement of the doctrinal exposition, citing examples of prominent figures from the

Lyrical Poetry

Anthem

A composition expressing heightened feelings.

Ode

Similar to a national anthem but more personal.

Song

A composition of an amorous, vibrant, enthusiastic, and optimistic nature.

Satire

Censorship of faults or defects in a humorous and short manner.

Elegy

Expresses the pain produced by a death or other misfortune.

Popular Lyrical Poetry

• Song
• Joy (about a saint or holy person)
• Christmas Carol (Villancico)
• Corrandes (songs that accompany work)

Narrative

In Verse

• Epic: Heroic protagonists of noble lineage, told by the people.
• Songs of Feat: Of medieval origin, featuring popular characters.
• Heroic Poems: Short poems written by an author about a hero.
• Religious Poems: Poems with moral, philosophical, and religious themes.

In Prose

• Novels: Classified