Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Likelihood: Resembles the real, credible.

Industrial Revolution Context: Characterized by wealth accumulation and poor working conditions. The primary reader was the Bourgeoisie.

Mimesis: A copy or imitation of reality.

Influence of the Scientific Method: Emphasis on observation.

This genre was widely produced and read, characterized by its capacity for detailed descriptive narrative.

Key Characteristics of Realism

1. Careful and detailed observation.
2. Description of the environment, customs, and characters (from different social classes).
3. Effect of objectivity.
4. Standard of plausibility (the narration can occur in extra-textual reality).
5. Intent: To contribute to social change.
6. Inclusion of voices belonging to different classes.

Narrative Techniques

Direct Speech:

Dramatic Subgenres

• Tragedy: Presents conflicts that cannot be solved by the characters, as they are marked by fate. The outcome is always unfortunate.
• Comedy: Shows everyday life issues and aims to entertain. The protagonists are ordinary people. The outcome is always happy.
• Drama: A conflict painful for the characters. The protagonists are common. It mixes tragic and comical elements, and the ending can be happy or unhappy.

Argumentative Texts in the Media

• Editorial: Sets out the terms of the means of communication on a topical issue. It is a text that is signed and employs formal vocabulary.
• Chronicle: Expanded news and commentary. Parts:
  • News: Objective information of events.
  • Comment: Exploring the journalist, usually performed in the third

Actions for Check Default

Non-payment of a check must be accredited by one of the following methods:

• By notarial protest.
• By a statement from the drawee.
• By a dated statement from a clearing or compensation system.

Understanding Credit Risk Databases

Key sources of risk information in Spain include the Risk Information Central Bank of Spain (CIRBE) and Asnef-Equifax.

Risk Information Central Bank of Spain (CIRBE)

CIRBE is a public service managed by the Bank of Spain. It maintains an extensive database of credit risk information, including loans, credits, and guarantees, that financial institutions hold with their customers. This allows any lender to ascertain the total debt their customers have with other institutions.

Asnef-Equifax

Asnef-Equifax compiles... Continue reading "Financial Risks & Payment Mechanisms Explained" »

The Underpinnings of the Drive

If self-talk alone were enough to move us to survive, it would be the sexual drive, which is mounted on the gregarious instinct, forming self-preservation. This drive would then seek another. Sexuality in us is open to the world; the libido is what makes us feel sympathy or apathy towards another. The mother creates a kind of map through which desire travels in the newborn. When it goes beyond mere need, the baby can perceive a creature of altered demand. Need in us would be equivalent to instinct, but in humans, it is very rudimentary and insufficient.

The Mirror Stage: Image and Self-Formation

The Mirror Stage opens us to fundamental concepts, such as the kingdom of the image, which encompasses the imaginary, narcissism,... Continue reading "Psychoanalytic Concepts: Drives, Mirror Stage, Identity" »

Defining the Working Day and Time Limits

Working Time is the duration, measured daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly, that a worker dedicates to the execution of their duties.

• Maximum length: 40 hours per week.
• Number of ordinary hours shall not exceed 9 hours a day.
• Minimum rest between shifts: 12 hours.
• Workers under 18 years old cannot work more than 8 hours a day.

Exceptions and Constraints on Working Hours

Certain sectors have specific regulations regarding the extension or constraint of the working day:

• Extensions: Trade, catering, and the watchful guard of mariners in these three sectors can extend the working day.
• Constraints: Work in cold stores, construction works, and works exposed to environmental risks.

Mandatory Rest Periods for Employees

Types

Don Quixote: Cervantes' Masterpiece

Genesis

Don Quixote is Cervantes' masterpiece. It consists of two parts: the first was published in 1605 and the second ten years later, in 1615. The first is more spontaneous; it seems written on the fly. The second is much more thought out and responds to a well-laid plan. Both show some structural parallelism. The apocryphal Quixote is very interesting because it reveals the outrage that the publication of the first part of Cervantes would have caused in the circle of Lope de Vega. El Quixote de Avellaneda becomes a spokesman for a noble reaction to the intrusion that the nobility led to the claim of a mere gentleman, like Alonso Quijano, passing as a gentleman.

Characters

There are two central characters... Continue reading "Don Quixote: Cervantes' Masterpiece Unveiled" »

Text Classification and Types

Understanding how texts are categorized helps in analyzing their purpose and structure.

Entertainment Texts

These texts are primarily designed for enjoyment and leisure, focusing on engaging the reader rather than conveying critical information.

Informational Texts

An informational text is a type of communication through which the issuer provides the receiver with facts, situations, or circumstances.

Historical Texts

Historical texts recount facts, actions, characters, and past events, generally focusing on those most prominent in their respective time periods.

Persuasive Texts (Advertising)

Advertising involves the dissemination of texts and images that invite the audience to acquire certain commercial products or perform... Continue reading "Fundamental Concepts of Text Classification and English Grammar" »

Definition of Services

Services are acts, actions, or performances that are essentially intangible. They may or may not be connected to a physical product, but the end result is always a feeling or experience.

Key Characteristics of Services

Services possess four core features that distinguish them from physical products:

• Intangibility: Services are abstract (i.e., they have no weight, color, or shape), which makes quality assessment more difficult for the customer.
• Inseparability (Perishability): Services cannot be stored like products. Their production and consumption are linked and often occur simultaneously.
• Heterogeneity (Variability): Services are variable because they are produced by people who are inherently unstable by nature, leading to

Consistency in Text

Consistency is an inherent property of all text, which is the ability to form a unified whole in which the parts remain locked to each other in content. In other words, a text is coherent:

1. When presented with a meaningful unity or sense, be seen from the existence of a clear and specific topic (global or thematic coherence).
2. When the component parts are not isolated but are connected to each other, forming a structure (linear or structural coherence).
3. When the successive statements convey ideas or judgments that do not violate the basic principles of logic, common sense, or universal standards of human development (local coherence).

Global Consistency

All information contained in a text is built around a core sheet or issue closely... Continue reading "Understanding Text Consistency: Global, Linear, and Local" »

Opinion Genres in Journalism

Genres of opinion have a guiding function, whose purpose is to form the opinion of readers by interpreting the news. Their main features include:

• Use of the first person by the issuer.
• Use of expressive resources for a decorative style.
• Use of anecdotes, examples, and quotes.
• The presence of argumentation.

Specific Opinion Genres

1. The Editorial: Outlines the ideological view of the periodical; it is generally written by the director. It is always located in the same place and remains unsigned.
2. Column: These are critical reflections on a particular topic signed by celebrities or well-known figures.
3. Letters to the Editor: Written texts by newspaper readers on various subjects, including political, sports, or social commentary,