Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Communication Channels

Channel:

• Oral / Written
• Spontaneous / Prepared
• Simultaneous Time / Non-simultaneous
• Space Shared / Unshared

Time and Space Considerations

• Direct: Time shared
• Deferred: Time is not shared
• Location: Time and space shared

Receiver Considerations

• Unidirectional: One receiver
• Multidirectional: Multiple receivers

Sender Considerations

• Unilateral: One sender
• Multilateral: Multiple senders

Communication Contexts

• Academic:
  • Intention: Transmit and find information about fields
  • Formal language, use of terminology
• Literary:
  • Intention: Varied, entertainment
  • Presence of rhetorical figures
• Administrative:
  • Intention: Conduct, regulate
  • Text with formal rules of tradition
• Newspaper:
  • Intention: Information or opinion
  • Middle-level reliability, necessity of understanding

MAC vs. LLC Sublayers and Frame Addressing

Key Differences Between MAC and LLC

• MAC Sublayer: Compliant with the LAN technical solution as it depends on the physical and medium access protocols.
• LLC Sublayer: Unifies solutions; is independent of the underlying MAC LAN; serves as an interface for upper layers.

Addressing Mechanisms

• MAC Address: Identifies network nodes.
• LLC: Routes the information received by the MAC layer to upper layers.

Understanding Late Collisions in Ethernet

Causes and Effects of Late Collisions

A late collision occurs when a station receives a collision signal too late, typically after it has stopped listening to end the transmission because the segment (plot) was too small. Late collisions can cause lower frames (e.g., 512 bits)... Continue reading "Networking Fundamentals: MAC, LLC, and Wi-Fi Security" »

Essential Spanish Vocabulary for Travelers

This resource provides key English phrases and corresponding Spanish translations for common situations encountered at the airport, navigating the city, and dining out. Use these terms to enhance your communication while traveling.

1. Airport Communication and Phrases

Common questions and announcements you might hear or need to use.

• Where is the information desk, please? ¿Dónde está el mostrador de información, por favor?
• Which check-in desk do I need for flight 235, please? ¿Qué mostrador de facturación necesito para el vuelo 235, por favor?
• Which airline are you flying with? ¿Con qué aerolínea vuela?
• Excuse me, where are the trolleys? Disculpe, ¿dónde están los carritos (portaequipajes)?
• Would

Life and Death in the Poetry of Miguel Hernandez

Death, a Part of Life

The poetry of Miguel Hernandez is a poetry of experience, developed at a time when there was talk of experience as an experience of life, love, and death. These are the three great themes of Hernandez's poetry, as seen in Song and Ballad of Absences and Winds from the Town. In his work, we see successive phases of individual growth, from the babbling and naivety of childhood to moments of contemplation and fascination with the natural environment, religion, and love. We also see the fight for ideals and the clash against adversity, with death ever-present.

Thus, poetry, life, and death are joined in two ways:

• One, in the existentialist sense: man is a being born for death.
• Another,

Vocabulary

Text is the maximum linguistic unit. It consists of content that has the same purpose and is linked together. It may also be formed by a single word. A text is a set of statements, words uttered in a certain tone. It differs from a sentence because it does not have to have a subject and predicate structure, such as "HELP!" or the sign of a pharmacy.

• Cohesion: The statements are related by linguistic mechanisms that create a union.
• Coherence: This is a property of text where there is a union between its component statements. This is achieved through thematic unity (all parts address the same subject) and a logical spatial arrangement. Everything has to be ordered.

Expository texts are specialized texts directed at expert readers. They... Continue reading "Understanding Text: Structure, Types, and Linguistic Features" »

Definition of a Bill of Exchange

It is a document whereby a person, called the Drawer, instructs another, called the Drawee, to pay a certain amount of money, at a specific time and place, to a person known as the Payee, Holder, or Beneficiary.

Understanding the Bill Guarantee (Aval)

The guarantee (or aval) is the act of undertaking to pay the bill jointly with the drawer. This ensures that the drawee will pay the amount owed; otherwise, the guarantor is responsible for the payment. The Guarantor is the party providing the surety, and the Guaranteed party is the one whose obligation is secured. The guarantee may be limited or unlimited.

Key Roles in a Bill of Exchange

• Drawer: The person issuing the bill and ordering the drawee to pay.
• Drawee (Librado)

Understanding Internet Service Provider Tiers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operate within a hierarchical structure, ensuring global connectivity. This hierarchy is typically categorized into three main tiers, each playing a distinct role in the internet's infrastructure.

Tier 1 ISPs: The Global Internet Backbone

Tier 1 ISPs are at the apex of the internet hierarchy. These large organizations connect directly with each other through private, peering connections, physically uniting their individual network backbones to create the global Internet backbone. Within their own extensive networks, Tier 1 ISPs own the routers, data links, and other high-speed equipment that bind to other Tier 1 ISP networks. This infrastructure includes vital components... Continue reading "ISP Tiers Explained: Global Internet Backbone & Customer Connection" »

Alexander Graham Bell and the Tipping Alphabet

Alexander Graham Bell utilized a manual alphabet known as the Tipping Alphabet, which can also be found in Dalgarno's work (1680) and was cited by Fortich (1987). This alphabet identified letters using internal areas of the hand. A glove with letters written on it could also be used.

Positive Recruitment

Individuals experiencing positive recruitment go from not hearing a sound to experiencing discomfort. Their auditory perception does not increase proportionally with the stimulus, as described by the Weber-Fechner Law. They begin to hear more intensely than usual, and the perceived intensity increases disproportionately, reaching the threshold sooner than a healthy ear. This phenomenon is associated... Continue reading "Understanding Spanish Sign Language: Key Features and Grammar" »

Themes and Social Critique in Lazarillo de Tormes

The protagonist's life often revolves around deception and survival. Many characters are representative of Spanish society of the time. The narrator critiques this society, highlighting its pervasive poverty and the plight of the dispossessed. A constant motif in the work is religion; the narrator subtly critiques the clergy and false piety. The concept of honor is also explored throughout the novel, criticizing its external, superficial manifestation. With Lázaro, the protagonist and narrative diverge significantly from the traditional heroic figures prevalent in novels of the time. The main character is a common man, an antihero.

Literary Style and Language of Lazarillo

The language is direct... Continue reading "Unveiling Lazarillo de Tormes: Themes, Style, and Impact" »

Góngora's Poetic Characteristics

GÓNGORA, for aesthetic reasons, is characterized by:

• Pictorial sense.
• Landscape. The reason is the nature of his work, describing landscapes, objects, animals, flowers, fruits...
• Cultism and popular mix of cultured and popular elements.
• Satire and panegyric: He cultivates two contradictory types of poetry: satire, in which he criticizes, and panegyric, in which he praises nobles and heroes.

Góngora's Main Topics

TOPICS: Love, satirical, moral, philosophical, religious, laudatory, and funeral.

Góngora's Style

STYLE: The most obvious feature is the difficulty. He employs learned words, metaphors, and hyperbaton.

It is characterized by the use of: learned words: He uses words of Latin origin in order to get away from... Continue reading "Góngora's Poetic Style, Themes, and Textual Analysis" »