Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

PHILIP LARKIN:-A Girl in Winter (1957),-The Less Deceived (1955),-New Lines (1956),-The Whitsun Weddings (1964),-High Windows (1974). SAMUEL BECKETT: novels stripped of plot & character development; Symbolic and allegoric:-Molloy (1951),-Malone Dies (1956),-Watt (1958),-The Unnamable (1960),-How It Is (1961),-Imagination Dead Imagine (1965). GEORGE ORWELL:-Homage To Catalonia (1938),-Animal Farm (1945),-Burmese Days (1935),-Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936),-The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). V.S.NAIPAUL:-Miguel Street (1959),-A House for Mr. Biswas (1961),-In A Free State (1971),-A Bend in the River (1979). NADINE GORDIMER:-The Conservationist (1974),-The Pickup (2001). SALMAN RUSHDIE:-Grimus (1975),-Midnight’s Children (1981),-Shame

Audio-Lingual Method

The Audio-Lingual Method is based on behaviorist ideology, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case, humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement. Correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback, while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.

Aims of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. To enable students to use the target language communicatively and automatically without stopping to think.
2. To help students acquire the structural patterns of the language.

Principles of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. Instructions are given in the target language.
2. Language forms occur within a context.
3. Students' native language interferes as little as possible with the students' attempts to acquire

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. For example, in the sentence "He hit the ball", the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.

Examples:

• I baked some cookies.
• I rode the bicycle.
• I moved the chair.
• I stitched a quilt.

Intransitive verbs are action verbs, but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. For instance, in the sentence "I sang", there are no words after the verb sang.

Examples:

• I laughed.
• I cried.
• The book fell.
• The horse galloped.
• The sun set.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs (also known as helping verbs) are the verbs be, do, have, and will when they are followed by another verb (the main verb) in order to form a question,... Continue reading "Understanding Verbs, Adverbs, and Other Word Classes" »

Unit 8: Environmental Vocabulary

• Fossil, Foothills
• Dam, Drought
• Debris, Melt
• Marine, Toxic
• Nutrients, Hazard
• Species, Sewage
• Currents, Barrier
• Particles, Landfill
• Surface, Whirlpool
• Chain, Contaminant
• Tip, Starvation
• Cap, Creatures
• Pollutant, Jellyfish
• Industrial, Sea levels
• Degraded, Seabed
• Oilfields, Throwaway
• Ice caps, Food chain
• Surface, Acid rain
• Tide, Extract
• Recycle, Wave
• Current, Coastline
• Drift, Climate
• Fossil, Waste

Descriptive Adjectives

• Adorable, Playful
• Agile, Aggressive
• Tame, Remote
• Record, Ragged
• Sense, Poisonous
• Wise, Gentle
• Sociable

Health and Lifestyle

• Click, Without
• Visit, Out
• Status, Gets
• Sedentary, Into
• Crucial, Into
• Address, Comment
• Diabetes, Obesity
• Repetitive

General Concepts and Idioms

• Ill-timed, Authentic
• Take at face value, Context
• Pride, Crew feet
• Peaceful,

Verbs

A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. They do not express action. Examples include to be (is, being, are, was, were), to become, and to seem.

My cats are content to nap on the couch. After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned green.

Action Verbs

Action verbs describe what the subject of the sentence is doing.

Sam and Eric ride the bus to school each morning. Jan wants a horse for her birthday. John reads a chapter in his book each night.

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object receiving the action. I baked some cookies. I rode the bicycle. I moved the chair. I stitched a quilt.

Rosa Parks

• On January 15, 1955, she was arrested because she did not give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger.
• At 19, she married Raymond Parks, a frisör, and worked at NAACP.
• Rosa worked as a secretary at NAACP and part-time as a seamstress.
• On December 5, 1955, the bus boycott began with Martin Luther King Jr. as the leader.
• The bus boycott led to the lifting of segregation in buses and trains.
• Due to threats, Rosa and her husband moved to Detroit.
• She died on October 24, 2005.

Julia Butterfly Hill

• She is an environmental activist.
• From December 14, 1997, she lived on a tree named Luna for 738 days.
• She demonstrated against deforestation.
• In 1999, an agreement was reached with the company that wanted to cut down the trees in the forest.
• They

Who are Sampson and Gregory?

They are Lord Capulet's servants.

Why are they bored, aggressive, and playful?

Because they like fighting, but now there is peace in Verona, so they have to clean and do things that they don't like.

What is love for them?

Love for them is only sex.

Who is Abram?

He is a Montague's servant.

Who starts the fight? How? Why?

The fight began because Sampson and Gregory wanted to fight with Abram, and Abram started the fight because Sampson and Gregory were causing it.

Who is Benvolio? And Tybalt? Are they Montagues or Capulets?

Benvolio is Lord Montague's, Romeo's cousin. Tybalt is a Capulet and Juliet's cousin. They are enemies because they hate each other and they want to fight.

Why does Tybalt say it is not appropriate for Benvolio

English to Spanish Vocabulary

A Comprehensive Guide

A

Ability - Skill: Habilidad - Destreza

According to: Según

Although: Aunque

Ancient: Antiguo

Aware, Conscious: Consciente, Sabedor

B

Barely - Nearly: Apenas

Beneficial - Positive: Beneficioso - Positivo

Board Games: Juegos de mesa

Boundaries - Limits, Frontier, Borders: Límites, Frontera

Brain: Cerebro

Burial: Entierro

C

Chains: Cadenas

Charm: Encanto

Close to - Next to, Near: Cerca de, Junto a

Concentrate on - Focus on: Concentrarse en, Enfocarse en

Council: Consejo

Countless - Many, Infinite: Incontables, Infinitos

Customs - Traditions: Costumbres - Tradiciones

D

Dairy Products: Productos lácteos

Damage: Daño, Perjuicio

Depressing - Sad, Miserable: Deprimente - Triste, Miserable

Discussion - Conversation: Discusión

Holding Pattern Entry Procedures

Holding patterns are a crucial maneuver in IFR flight. The correct entry procedure depends on your heading as you approach the holding fix.

Parallel Entry

When overhead the holding fix, fly a heading parallel to the holding course on the non-holding side for one minute. Then, make a left turn to intercept the holding course or return directly to the fix.

Teardrop Entry

When overhead the fix, fly a heading 30 degrees off the reciprocal of the holding course on the holding side for one minute. Then, make a right turn to intercept the inbound holding course.

Direct Entry

When overhead the fix, simply turn right and fly the holding pattern as published.

Standard Rate of Turn

A standard rate turn is defined as a turn of 3

Narrator vs. Focalizer: Defining Perspective

In all stories, the narrative is told from a specific point of view. This discourse is shaped by a perspective that is not always identical to the narrator; instead, the narrator may utilize a focalizer to convey the story.

It is essential to distinguish between the narrator (who speaks) and the focalizer (who sees). The point of view and the vision presented are conditioned by factors such as social status, education, and background. Consequently, a story told by a high-class character will differ significantly from one told by a servant.

The Three Facets of Focalization

Focalization is categorized into three primary facets: Perceptual, Psychological, and Ideological.

1. Perceptual Focalization

This facet... Continue reading "Understanding Focalization: Narrator vs. Focalizer" »