Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Situated Language Practice

Situated language practice consists of the practice of a language under a given context that implies a specific function: to practice the language effectively within its environment.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)

Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is the search for and study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. The main objective of CALL is to improve the learning capacity of those who are being taught a language through computerized means.

Language Planning and Policies

Language policy is a combination of explicit public policy and less obvious implicit social norms. Language policy may be directed to the language code itself, as in corpus planning, or to status planning. Status... Continue reading "Essential Terminology for Language Learning and Policy" »

Network Design Fundamentals

Discuss the term scalability. What does it mean? Why is it an important network design goal? What are some challenges designers face when designing for scalability?

Scalability refers to how much growth a network design must support. It is an important goal because every company is not in a stable state; it will grow continuously. As the company grows, it requires more employees and more servers to internetwork, and still, the network should work as it used to be.

Challenges in Designing for Scalability:

• Selecting the appropriate technologies and hardware for the network design.
• Managing the traffic flow of the network effectively.
• The designer must accurately forecast the company's growth over the next two or five years.

The poem “The Happy Warrior” was written by Herbert Read in 1914. An English poet, mostly known for his poems inspired by World War I.

The poem was influenced by his experiences fighting in the war and the time period. It also led him to write many poems with the same subject. Another influential factor was the Modernist Movement in literature.

“The Happy Warrior” is structured in five stanzas of different lengths, totaling 12 lines. The poetic persona of this poem is a soldier referred to as "He". "His wide eyes search unconsciously. He cannot shriek." The description of the soldier is strong, accurately representing the aftermath of committing such a gruesome act. The sarcastic tone in calling the soldier the "happy warrior" serves... Continue reading "The Happy Warrior: A Poem by Herbert Read" »

Criteria for Selecting Internetworking Devices

When selecting an internetworking device, the most important criteria include processing speed, the amount of latency, support for LAN and WAN technologies, ease of configuration, Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR).

Single-Mode vs. Multimode Fiber Optics

Single-mode fiber allows only one light path and has a low core diameter. It also supports higher bandwidth. Single-mode fiber is generally faster because its smaller core diameter ensures that only one path is taken, reducing signal dispersion.

The Importance of QoS in Modern Networks

Quality of Service (QoS) features are often necessary in LAN switches and routers because they provide reliable service between the sender... Continue reading "Essential Principles of Network Design and Hardware" »

PHILIP LARKIN:-A Girl in Winter (1957),-The Less Deceived (1955),-New Lines (1956),-The Whitsun Weddings (1964),-High Windows (1974). SAMUEL BECKETT: novels stripped of plot & character development; Symbolic and allegoric:-Molloy (1951),-Malone Dies (1956),-Watt (1958),-The Unnamable (1960),-How It Is (1961),-Imagination Dead Imagine (1965). GEORGE ORWELL:-Homage To Catalonia (1938),-Animal Farm (1945),-Burmese Days (1935),-Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936),-The Road to Wigan Pier (1937). V.S.NAIPAUL:-Miguel Street (1959),-A House for Mr. Biswas (1961),-In A Free State (1971),-A Bend in the River (1979). NADINE GORDIMER:-The Conservationist (1974),-The Pickup (2001). SALMAN RUSHDIE:-Grimus (1975),-Midnight’s Children (1981),-Shame

Audio-Lingual Method

The Audio-Lingual Method is based on behaviorist ideology, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case, humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement. Correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback, while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback.

Aims of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. To enable students to use the target language communicatively and automatically without stopping to think.
2. To help students acquire the structural patterns of the language.

Principles of the Audio-Lingual Method

1. Instructions are given in the target language.
2. Language forms occur within a context.
3. Students' native language interferes as little as possible with the students' attempts to acquire

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. For example, in the sentence "He hit the ball", the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.

Examples:

• I baked some cookies.
• I rode the bicycle.
• I moved the chair.
• I stitched a quilt.

Intransitive verbs are action verbs, but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. For instance, in the sentence "I sang", there are no words after the verb sang.

Examples:

• I laughed.
• I cried.
• The book fell.
• The horse galloped.
• The sun set.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs (also known as helping verbs) are the verbs be, do, have, and will when they are followed by another verb (the main verb) in order to form a question,... Continue reading "Understanding Verbs, Adverbs, and Other Word Classes" »

Unit 8: Environmental Vocabulary

• Fossil, Foothills
• Dam, Drought
• Debris, Melt
• Marine, Toxic
• Nutrients, Hazard
• Species, Sewage
• Currents, Barrier
• Particles, Landfill
• Surface, Whirlpool
• Chain, Contaminant
• Tip, Starvation
• Cap, Creatures
• Pollutant, Jellyfish
• Industrial, Sea levels
• Degraded, Seabed
• Oilfields, Throwaway
• Ice caps, Food chain
• Surface, Acid rain
• Tide, Extract
• Recycle, Wave
• Current, Coastline
• Drift, Climate
• Fossil, Waste

Descriptive Adjectives

• Adorable, Playful
• Agile, Aggressive
• Tame, Remote
• Record, Ragged
• Sense, Poisonous
• Wise, Gentle
• Sociable

Health and Lifestyle

• Click, Without
• Visit, Out
• Status, Gets
• Sedentary, Into
• Crucial, Into
• Address, Comment
• Diabetes, Obesity
• Repetitive

General Concepts and Idioms

• Ill-timed, Authentic
• Take at face value, Context
• Pride, Crew feet
• Peaceful,

Verbs

A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. They do not express action. Examples include to be (is, being, are, was, were), to become, and to seem.

My cats are content to nap on the couch. After drinking the old milk, Vladimir turned green.

Action Verbs

Action verbs describe what the subject of the sentence is doing.

Sam and Eric ride the bus to school each morning. Jan wants a horse for her birthday. John reads a chapter in his book each night.

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object receiving the action. I baked some cookies. I rode the bicycle. I moved the chair. I stitched a quilt.

Rosa Parks

• On January 15, 1955, she was arrested because she did not give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger.
• At 19, she married Raymond Parks, a frisör, and worked at NAACP.
• Rosa worked as a secretary at NAACP and part-time as a seamstress.
• On December 5, 1955, the bus boycott began with Martin Luther King Jr. as the leader.
• The bus boycott led to the lifting of segregation in buses and trains.
• Due to threats, Rosa and her husband moved to Detroit.
• She died on October 24, 2005.

Julia Butterfly Hill

• She is an environmental activist.
• From December 14, 1997, she lived on a tree named Luna for 738 days.
• She demonstrated against deforestation.
• In 1999, an agreement was reached with the company that wanted to cut down the trees in the forest.
• They