Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

The Political Model of the Second Republic

Left-Wing Parties

This category includes Republican parties, those supporting regional autonomy, and workers' parties.

Bourgeois Left-Wing Republican Parties

• Republican Action: Founded by Manuel Azaña, this party comprised leftist intellectuals. Its political ideology centered on the modernization of social and political structures. During the first two years of the Republic, it collaborated closely with the PSOE.
• Radical Socialist Party: Created by Marcelino Domingo, its ideology was very similar to Republican Action. Domingo served as Minister of Public Instruction. This party later merged with Republican Action and ORGA to form Republican Left.
• Republican Union: Founded by Diego Martínez Barrio after

Spain: End of the Old Regime of Absolute Monarchy

War and Revolution

• Talon of Independence
  • Background: San Idelfonso treaties and Fontainebleau, conspiracy of El Escorial, Aranjuez Mutiny
  • Proceedings of the War: Battles of Bailén, Arapiles, Vitoria, and San Marcial; Guerrilla warfare
• Liberal Revolution
  • "Cortes" of Cadiz: Spain's first constitution (1812)

Fernando VII: Reversal of Liberalism

• Absolutist Sexenio: The Constitution of Cadiz is annulled
• Liberal Triennium:
  • Statement of Riego: Return of liberalism
• Return to Absolutism: Liberal reforms of the Triennium were deleted
• Problem of succession (Carlist Wars)

Independence of Spanish America

• Causes: Dissemination of ideas from the French Revolution and the U.S., discontent of the native bourgeoisie, the

Restoration of Absolutism (1814-1820)

In 1814, Ferdinand VII returned to Spain. Liberals hoped he would uphold the Constitution of Cádiz, but he abolished it and restored the Old Regime. He reinstated privileges for the clergy and nobility, exempting them from taxes. Ferdinand ruled absolutely, persecuting liberals, many of whom fled into exile.

Liberals and the army attempted pronouncements to restore liberalism, but these failed due to public indifference, and their leaders were imprisoned or executed.

Trienio Liberal (1820-1823)

In 1820, a liberal uprising led by Colonel Riego proclaimed the Constitution of 1812. Ferdinand VII was forced to swear to the constitution, release political prisoners, and hold elections. Liberal reforms were...

Reasons for Independence

The rise of taxes imposed by Britain on the English colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, led to war among the settlers.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. The U.S. Army defeated British troops, and peace was signed in 1783.

Napoleonic Empire

In 1804, Napoleon became emperor.

Domestic Affairs

The Civil Code was drawn up, guaranteeing private property and equality for all citizens.

Foreign Policy

Napoleon's empire stretched throughout Europe. Great Britain underwent a continental blockade. Napoleon was defeated in 1813 and exiled to the island of St. Helena.

Restoration and Liberalism

The union of monarchies and absolutists,...

The First Phase of Independence (1808–1815)

It all started after the power vacuum that was created in Spain during the War of Independence. In 1810, various boards were organized, which began to form their own armies and establish diplomatic relations with the United States and Britain. Even liberal revolutionary governments were formed, which promulgated Constitutions and assumed a republican regime.

The return of King Ferdinand VII to the throne in 1814 marked the restoration of Spanish power, which regained all lost territories except the Río de la Plata.

The Second Phase of Independence (1817–1824)

The absolutist restoration of Ferdinand VII was intolerable to the colonies and favored the success of the insurgents.

Liberation of the South

The Liberal Republic (1861-1891)

Aníbal Pinto G. (President)

• Allowed the entry of women to the University
• Secondary Education Act
• Faced regalist government positions
• International Economic Crisis
• Started the Pacific War
• Gave away Patagonia
• Home pacification of Araucanía

Domingo Santa María (President)

• Secular laws
• Cemeteries Lay Act
• Creation of civil registration and civil marriage
• Further extension of the law of incompatibility
• Gave away Patagonia
• End of the Pacific War

José Manuel Balmaceda (President)

• Founded the Catholic University
• Pedagogical Institute
• Civil War
• MOP Foundation
• Railroad construction
• Upgrading of roads
• Water supply

The Pacific War (War of the Pacific)

Causes

Economic: Seizing the rich nitrate zone (Peru, Chile, and Bolivia) to face the 1878 global...

The Tragic Week of 1919

The events began on January 7 with a strike at the Vasena metal shops in the city of Buenos Aires, located in what is now the Plaza Martín Fierro (Barrio San Cristobal). The strikers demanded a reduction in working hours from 11 to 8 per day, Sunday rest, and increased wages. The company sought to continue operating with scab labor provided by the Labor Association, an employers' association. A riot between striking workers and police ended with the intervention of the police, who fired rifles into the crowd. The riots quickly spread to surrounding areas, with glass breakage and the lifting of paving stones from the streets. The result was four workers dead and over thirty injured, some of whom later died.

In repudiation

Spain's Political Turmoil: From Bourbon Succession to Napoleonic Invasion

The abrogation of the Salic Law, which traditionally prevented women from inheriting the Spanish throne, sparked significant political unrest. This measure was vehemently opposed by Don Carlos, brother of King Ferdinand VII and until then the designated successor, who garnered the support of absolutist factions. Consequently, Maria Cristina, Ferdinand VII's wife, who assumed the regency during the King's final months, was compelled to seek the backing of moderate liberals. This alliance marked a crucial rapprochement between the liberal movement and the monarchy, setting the stage for future conflicts.

The Reign of Charles IV and the French Revolution's Shadow

The political...

The Russian Revolution

During the era of the Tsars, a select few enjoyed wealth and favorable living conditions, while peasants endured meager wages. Ultimately, the people prevailed, initiating a revolution that led to the Bolsheviks, led by URS Lenin, establishing the Social Democratic Party.

Stalin's Era

The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army. Internal conflicts within the Bolshevik party led to its renaming as the Communist Party. The Soviet Union consolidated power, becoming a single-party state where other parties were excluded. Following the USSR's creation, a struggle for totalitarian power ensued.

Lenin's Death and Power Struggles

Lenin died during a period of debate on consolidating the revolution, marked by internal clashes.

Stalinism and

Political Evolution of Capitalism in the 1970s

The 1970s witnessed significant political shifts within capitalist nations, notably the removal of military dictatorships in Spain, Greece, and Portugal. This era also saw the emergence of Eurocommunism, a movement by which European communist parties accepted parliamentary means to gain power.

Economic Evolution of Capitalism: The Western Bloc Crisis (1973-1981)

The Western Bloc experienced a severe economic crisis from 1973 to 1981. Its primary causes included:

• The decision by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) to embargo oil sales to countries that had supported Israel.
• A subsequent tripling of oil prices.

The consequences of this crisis were widespread, leading to:

• Higher