Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Argentinian Societal Shifts

Middle Class Consolidation: The Golden Age

Argentinian society underwent significant changes. The urban population increased, leading to the consolidation of the middle class. Buenos Aires experienced substantial growth, and new cities emerged. Technology was introduced into rural work, although many areas in the north saw little change. Workers sought to improve their living conditions. State growth, economic prosperity, and advances in the education system during the 1920s contributed to the formation of the middle classes. This period is often referred to as the Golden Age.

Society Amidst Crisis

The industrialization process and the national crisis led to the displacement of workers, causing migration to cities. These...

Key Events: Navarre & Basque Lands (11th-16th C.)

11th Century

• 1076: The Kingdom of Navarre was divided between Castile and Aragon. Castile acquired Alava, Bizkaia, and western Gipuzkoa, while Aragon took eastern Gipuzkoa and the remainder of Navarre.
• 1096: The First Crusade began.

12th Century

• 1134: The Kingdom of Pamplona regained independence. García Ramírez was proclaimed King, recovering Navarre, Biscay (Bizkaia), Gipuzkoa, and Araba (Alava).
• 1150: Sancho VI, known as 'the Wise', adopted the title King of Navarre instead of King of Pamplona.
• 1180: Sancho VI 'the Wise' granted a charter (fuero) for the foundation of the city of San Sebastián in Gipuzkoa.
• 1181: Sancho VI 'the Wise' granted a foundation charter (fuero) to the city of Vitoria-

The Dissolution of Gran Colombia: Causes and Consequences

Ocaña Convention: Meeting Details

The Ocaña Convention convened in the city of Ocaña and was installed on April 2, 1828.

What Happened at the Ocaña Convention?

This convention saw a clash between Bolivarian supporters, who advocated for the union of Colombia under a centralized government, and the Santandereanos, who favored a federal regime. The Santandereanos were joined by Venezuelan separatists led by Páez, forming a majority. Consequently, the Bolivarians left the convention, leading to its dissolution due to a lack of quorum.

Valencia Congress of Venezuela

On May 6, 1830, the constituent congress of Venezuela met in Valencia, supported by 32 deputies from the provinces of Caracas,...

The Foundations of the Francoist State

Francoist Ideology

A totalitarian regime, Franco held all state powers for life. The only authorized political party was the FET y de las JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS), unified under Franco's command in 1937. This regime outlawed any opposing political ideology or action, including communist, socialist, and republican movements. It extolled traditional values, national unity, religion, respect for law and order, and private property. The ideology was based on seven fundamental laws created between 1936 and 1962.

Francoist State Structure

Its institutions and symbols were consolidated as follows:

• On October 1, 1936, Franco was granted supreme power in Nationalist Spain. In 1937, the

Origins of Cuneiform Diplomacy

The earliest evidence of diplomacy appears in ancient royal inscriptions. Royal "envoys," or messengers, are explicitly mentioned. For instance, a king of Lagash sent his envoys to Umma, establishing a "brotherhood" between the kings of Lagash and Uruk.

Core Features of the System

Basic features of early cuneiform diplomacy found in Ancient Near Eastern archaeological discoveries include:

• The obligation to reciprocity
• A code of correct international custom (protocol)
• An ethic of communication and negotiation

While Ancient Near Eastern diplomacy may be elementary, its assumptions about the world of interstate relations prefigure our own international system. It was so well-adopted that it lasted for 2,000 years.

The Sargonic

The Berlin Congress of 1878: A Diplomatic Landmark

The Treaty of Berlin was a resolution adopted by the Great Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, France, Britain, Italy, Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire) at the Berlin Congress. This significant diplomatic event was held in Berlin, Germany, between June 13 and July 13, 1878. Key representatives included Otto von Bismarck (German Empire), Gyula Andrássy (Austro-Hungarian Empire), William Henry Waddington (France), and Benjamin Disraeli (Britain).

Context and Objectives of the Congress

The treaty resulted from intense pressure from the Great Powers, particularly the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Britain, to review the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The San Stefano...

1756 – 1763: Seven Years' War

It was a global war with varied effects. East American colonies were restricted from westward expansion, while French colonies had the opportunity to expand west. This disparity was a significant cause of the war.

The French were defeated, and their territories were taken by England.

The victory was costly. To recover, England imposed taxation, notably the Stamp Act, which taxed legal documents in the colonies. The colonies protested, arguing against taxation without representation in Parliament. Violent reactions, such as in Boston, ensued. England maintained taxes on certain products, like tea.

In 1773, The Boston Tea Party occurred. Citizens of Boston, disguised as Mohawks, threw tea cargo into the sea.

England...

The Manchurian Crisis

Japan's Characteristics in the 1920s

In the 1920s, Japan possessed:

• A very powerful army and navy.
• A strong industry.
• Significant exports of goods to the USA and China.
• A growing empire, including the Korean Peninsula.

Impact of the Depression on Japan

The Great Depression had significant consequences for Japan:

• Both China and the USA imposed tariffs against Japanese goods.
• The Japanese economy entered a crisis.
• Without trade, Japan couldn't feed its people.

Reasons for Invading Manchuria

An incident in Manchuria provided Japan with an opportunity to expand its territory and influence.

Japan's Actions in Manchuria

Japan already controlled the South Manchurian Railway. When Chinese soldiers allegedly invaded it, Japanese forces overran...

1943 – 1955: The Perón Era

Perón’s Rise to Power

In 1943, the military sought to industrialize Argentina, often resorting to censorship and the imprisonment of opposition leaders. This approach threatened the industrialization program until Colonel Juan Domingo Perón took control of the Department of Labor (later the Ministry of Labor and Welfare).

• Social Mobilization: Perón recognized the potential of women and ethnic minorities, becoming a patron of the urban working class.
• Labor Reforms: He supported legislation that enabled women to pursue higher education and established equal pay for men and women.
• Political Turmoil: Perón’s progressive policies faced opposition from the military and the landed oligarchy. In October 1945, he was

The Merovingian Dynasty and the Reign of Clovis

The Merovingian dynasty began with Clovis, who expanded their land and managed to conquer the Gallo-Romans. By marrying a nun (Clotilde), this act led the Gallo-Romans to accept his governorship since he belonged to the same religion.

The Rise of the Mayors of the Palace

In the Frankish kingdom, there existed the Mayors of the Palace. They functioned as "prime ministers," and this power was hereditary. One of the most important Mayors of the Palace was Charles Martel, who placed Clotaire IV on the throne, stripping Childeric II. He defeated the Mayor of the Palace of Neustria, then Aquitaine, and fought back against Neustria. He reconquered the eastern border of the kingdom, conquering Austria and...