Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

Global Colonial Powers and Their Influence

United Kingdom

Trade Routes and Territories

• Gibraltar
• Malta
• Suez Canal
• Singapore
• Maldives

African Influence

• Egypt
• Kenya
• Nigeria
• South Africa

Pacific Influence

• Australia
• New Zealand

Asian Influence

• India
• Malaysia
• Myanmar (Burma)

American Influence

• Canada
• Caribbean

France

African Influence

• Maghreb: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Senegal, Madagascar, Guinea

Asian Influence

• Cambodia
• Vietnam
• Laos

Germany

African Influence

• Namibia
• Tanzania

Oceanian Influence

• Marquesas Islands
• Caroline Islands
• Mariana Islands

Netherlands

• Indonesia
• Suriname
• Dutch Antilles

Portugal

African Influence

• Angola
• Mozambique

Asian Influence

• Macau

Belgium

• Congo

Italy

• Libya
• Somalia

United States of America

• Hawaii
• Puerto Rico
• Caribbean

Japan

• Korea
• Taiwan

Spain

• Morocco
• Western Sahara

Key

The Rise of the Spanish Empire

The Catholic Monarchs (Late 15th Century)

At the end of the 15th century, the Catholic Monarchs established an authoritarian monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula, similar to those in France and England.

Dynastic Union (1469)

The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united through a dynastic union in 1469. However, each kingdom retained its distinct laws and institutions, forming the Hispanic Monarchy.

Domestic Reforms

• Centralization of Power: The monarchs weakened the power of the nobility by creating a permanent army, gaining control of military orders and their lands, and establishing a royal treasury to increase tax revenue.
• Councils of Experts: Councils were formed to advise on matters related to territories, military orders,

Tyranny

Tyranny is a form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of an individual who has seized control, often by illegal means. The word tyranny comes from the Greek word tyrannos, which means "usurper with supreme power." Over time, a person who ruled by tyranny, or a tyrant, became known for holding onto power by cruel, abusive means.

Democracy

A democracy is a form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of all people. The word democracy comes from the Greek terms demos (meaning people) and kratos (meaning power).

Oligarchy

An oligarchy is a form of government in which the ruling power is in the hands of a few leaders. The word oligarchy comes from the Greek terms oligos (meaning few) and arkhein (meaning rule)...

The Great War: Defining Total Conflict

The war of 1914–1918 had such a profound impact on European society and involved so many countries and people that it was called the Great War. It is considered the first example of a new type of conflict: a "Total War." This designation meant the conflict had virtually no restrictions regarding the weapons used, or the territory and people involved.

The Involvement of the Civilian Population

A new type of national army emerged as a result of the revolutions of the 19th century. Instead of using mercenaries or volunteers, mandatory enlistment (conscription) meant the participation of the majority of the male civilian population of army recruitment age. In this way, war affected the entire population, as...

Bolsheviks: Origins and Ideology

The Bolsheviks were a Russian socialist party that supported Marxism-Leninism. Their ideology held that it was possible to perform a revolution and establish a socialist regime without waiting for the collapse of capitalism. In 1918, they renamed themselves the Communist Party. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks. He played an important role in the Revolution of 1905 but was forced into exile in Switzerland until his return to Russia in April 1917.

The October Revolution of 1917

The October Revolution was the second phase of the internal revolt that occurred in Russia in 1917. It was organized by the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin. This revolution was essentially a coup against the Russian Republic created...

The Restoration of Absolutism: The countries that defeated Napoleon met at the Congress of Vienna.

Ideas: Restoring absolutism with legitimism in France and Spain to stop liberalism and nationalism. Balance of powers between European countries. The Holy Alliance Treaty with Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and the Quadruple Alliance with the previous countries plus Britain.

Revolutions in 1830: Nationalism and liberalism became popular. The revolution started in France where Charles, an absolute monarch, was replaced by Louis Philippe of Orleans as a constitutional monarch.

The Spring of Nations: The unification of Italy and Germany, and the independence of the Russian, Ottoman, and Austrian empires. There were revolts, the most important ones in...

Looking for a glimpse into the ancient world?

A) Avebury, England: Touch the Past

Stonehenge is often the first stop for history enthusiasts visiting the UK. However, there's a hidden gem nearby that offers a more immersive experience: the Avebury stone circle. Unlike Stonehenge, where visitors are kept at a distance, Avebury allows you to walk among, touch, and truly connect with the ancient stones.

The Avebury stones, though less uniform than Stonehenge, possess a raw, ancient energy. Their survival is remarkable, considering they were once targeted for destruction by those seeking to erase traces of older religions. Some stones were even repurposed as building materials for local residences. Thankfully, marmalade manufacturer Alexander Keiller...

Neoclassicism:

1770-1830

Return to the rules of Classical Antiquity (Greece and Rome).

The discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum helps to make Antiquity fashionable.

It is a severe style, containment in forms (wants to get away from the Baroque and Rococo).

Jacques-Louis David: he was a great neoclassicism painter. He paints historical themes but linking with the political reality of the moment. He’s the painter of the French State and of Napoleon

The Arcs of Triumph of Napoleon: 3

After winning the battle of Austerlitz, he promised his soldiers that they would enter Paris under a triumphal arch as in the Roman Empire1806-36: works of the Arc de Triomphe • Incorporates decoration on the military victories of France • 1807-09: works of the Arc...

The Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal European control; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia), the Dervish state (a portion of present-day Somalia) and Liberia still being independent. There were multiple motivations including the quest for national prestige, tensions between pairs of European powers, religious missionary zeal and internal African native politics.

The Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference...