Spain in the 19th Century: Monarchy to Republic

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Spain: End of the Old Regime of Absolute Monarchy

War and Revolution

  • Talon of Independence
    • Background: San Idelfonso treaties and Fontainebleau, conspiracy of El Escorial, Aranjuez Mutiny
    • Proceedings of the War: Battles of Bailén, Arapiles, Vitoria, and San Marcial; Guerrilla warfare
  • Liberal Revolution
    • "Cortes" of Cadiz: Spain's first constitution (1812)

Fernando VII: Reversal of Liberalism

  • Absolutist Sexenio: The Constitution of Cadiz is annulled
  • Liberal Triennium:
    • Statement of Riego: Return of liberalism
  • Return to Absolutism: Liberal reforms of the Triennium were deleted
  • Problem of succession (Carlist Wars)

Independence of Spanish America

  • Causes: Dissemination of ideas from the French Revolution and the U.S., discontent of the native bourgeoisie, the weakness of Spain
  • Actors: Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín
  • Facts: Victories of the independence movement
  • Implications: Creation of new nations

Economy and Society

  • Economy: Economic development slowed
  • Society: Tenants and laborers became impoverished; increase in industrial workers

Culture and Art

  • Culture:
    • Literature: Popular and enlightened currents
  • Art:
    • Neoclassicism:
      • Architecture: Juan de Villanueva
      • Sculpture: José Álvarez Cubero
      • Painting: Vicente López, José de Madrazo
    • Francisco de Goya revolutionized the art of his time, anticipating later artistic movements

Spain: The Liberal State

Construction of the Liberal State

  • Features: Constitutional, separation of powers, and liberal parties (moderate and progressive)
  • Regencies:
    • Regency of María Cristina: First Carlist War and the Confiscation of Mendizábal
    • Regency of Espartero
  • Reign of Isabel II:
    • Periods:
      • Moderate decade: Constitution of 1845
      • Progressive biennium: Confiscation of Madoz
      • Alternation in power between the moderates and the Liberal Union

The Revolutionary Sexenio

  • Constitution of 1869 (progressive)
  • Democratic Monarchy: Amadeo I
    • Challenges: Opposition from Republicans, Carlists, and monarchists; colonial conflict in Cuba
  • First Republic:
    • Problems: Cantonal uprising, difficulties in maintaining order and unity

The Restoration

  • Artificer: Cánovas del Castillo
  • Pillars: Hereditary constitutional monarchy, Constitution of 1876, bipartisan system (Conservative and Liberal parties)
  • Reign of Alfonso XII:
    • Problems: Opposition from Republicans, Carlist monarchists, regionalism, and the labor movement
  • Regency of Maria Christina of Austria:
    • Problems: "Disaster of 98"

Economy

  • Agriculture: Base of the economy
  • Industrialization: Slow and late

Society

  • Class society: Oligarchy, commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, and working class
  • Social conflicts
  • Ideological trends: Socialism and anarchism

Culture

  • Literary Currents: Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, and the Generation of 98

Art

  • Architecture: Eclectic (historicism) and Modernism
  • Sculpture: Realism and Modernism
  • Painting: Romanticism, Realism, and history painting

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