Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

The Urban Society

Bourgeoisie: a new social group emerged in these cities. They were not tied to a lord or participated in the feudal relations. They were merchants and bankers, and quickly became the richest citizens.

• There was also a poorer population: servants, laborers, beggars, or fugitive serfs who did the hard work.
• Many towns had a Jewish population who lived in Jewish quarters or ghettos.
• There were also Moorish quarters, where the Muslims lived.

The Economy of a Medieval City

Trade: the most important function of a city. Usually, the cities celebrated fairs, where people from other cities came to sell their products.

• Currency: in the Early Middle Ages, the Roman currency was replaced by bartering. But now, we can see gold coins again working

Consequences of Imperialism (Colonies)

Demographic Growth: Increased due to a decrease in mortality thanks to improvements in hygiene and health. However, it also led to starvation and poverty in some regions.

Destruction of Ethnic Structures: Indigenous artisan crafts could not compete with manufactured goods from the colonists and gradually disappeared.

Resource Exploitation: Colonies practiced single-crop agriculture serving the colonial power's domestic needs. Industrialization was suppressed, and colonies primarily provided raw materials and markets. Mining was also significant.

Cultural Imposition: European languages, religions, and cultures were imposed, relegating indigenous cultures to a secondary status.

Artificial Borders: Colonization...

1.1. Political Systems (1870–1914)

Two different political systems coexisted between 1870 and 1914:

Parliamentary Systems in Western Europe

Parliamentary systems prevailed in Western Europe. Thus, many countries adopted universal male suffrage, while suffragette movements began to arise, claiming the vote for women. Outside Europe, the United States adopted universal male suffrage and Japan introduced a parliamentary system.

Autocratic Systems in Central and Eastern Europe

Autocratic systems persisted in Central and Eastern Europe:

• Austro-Hungarian Empire: Consisted of multiple nationalities. Beginning in 1867, it became a dual monarchy formed by two crowns, each with its own organization (Austria and Hungary), while retaining a common foreign

Comparing the Chesapeake Bay and New England Colonies

The establishment of British North America saw the founding of two distinct colonial regions. In 1607, the first permanent British settlement, the Chesapeake Bay Colony, was founded in the area of Maryland and Virginia. Later, in 1630, another group of British settlers, including women, men, and children, settled in the area around New England, forming the New England Colony.

These two colonies differed significantly across several key areas:

• Population Structure: The Chesapeake Bay Colony initially consisted primarily of single men seeking profit, whereas the New England Colony was comprised of families seeking religious freedom.
• Political Systems: The Chesapeake Bay Colony implemented the

Shared Responsibility for World War I

It is true that not all the blame for the outbreak of the First World War should fall solely on Germany. Other countries also took actions that, in retrospect, were not successful or contributed to rising tensions.

Precursors to Conflict

The Moroccan Crises

For example, in the Moroccan Crises, Germany was involved but arguably found itself in a difficult position, facing opposition from multiple other powers.

The Italo-Turkish War

In the Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912), another event preceding the First World War, Germany had no direct involvement in the fighting. Italy took advantage of the situation to attack the Ottoman Empire while European powers had disagreements with Turkey over other issues.

The Balkan Wars

Germany...

First World War 1914-1918

Reasons why it arose:

• Political tensions (colonization).
• Alliances.
• Industrial Revolution.

Alliances:

Germany is a new empire and they start to get a lot of power so Great Britain and France they were allies (Entente cordiale 1904)

• Germany + Italy + Austria + Hungary.
• Great Britain + France.

Great Britain and France they were allied (E.C. 1904) because Germany was taking away their power.

Russia joined Great Britain and France in 1914 and the Triple Entente emerged.

• Great Britain + France + Russia → Triple Entente 1914

Italy and Austria got along badly.

Italy wanted to invade Austria and Hungary so France tells them to ally with them and that if they won Austria and Hungary they would be for Italy, and Italy they accepted that....

Post-Napoleonic Europe: The Restoration Era

After Napoleon was defeated in the War of Independence of Spain and ultimately in 1815, the Restoration period began. This marked a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime, known as absolutism.

The Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). Key measures adopted included:

• The restoration of absolute monarchs to their thrones.
• A restructuring of the European map.
• An agreement among European monarchs to support any legitimate monarch facing threats.

This return to absolutism, however, provoked resistance and fueled revolutions driven by new ideas:

• Liberalism
• Nationalism
• Democracy

Key Ideologies of the 19th Century

Liberalism was an ideology...

Key Figures & Concepts in History

Catherine the Great: Russian Monarch

A great monarch of Russia, Catherine the Great exchanged letters with Voltaire and initially sought to reform Russian laws. However, after a serf uprising, she granted nobles absolute power over their serfs. Ultimately, many of her reform goals remained unaccomplished.

Thomas Jefferson: US President & Drafter

The 3rd President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson favored a limited central government. He was also the chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence.

Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution

The Federalists were a political faction and movement that supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Francis Bacon: Scientific Method Pioneer

Francis Bacon...

Scientific Revolution (1500-1700)

The Scientific Revolution marked a major shift in thinking between 1500 and 1700, establishing modern science as a new way to gain knowledge about the natural world.

Key Concepts and Figures

Geocentric Theory

The theory placing Earth at the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Theory

The theory placing the Sun at the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian astronomer and mathematician who built his own telescope, observed four moons revolving around Jupiter, and provided crucial support for the heliocentric theory.

Scientific Method

A systematic method of procedure involving observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses, which has characterized natural science

The new Bourbonic Monarchy: The decrees of the new plant. Reforms. (Cádiz)

Government and Administration Reform.
The reorganization of the State (Felipe V, Fernando VI, and Carlos III) established a strong, centralized, and unified absolute monarchy, following the French model.
The Councils are relegated (except for Castilla) by the Secretaries of Dispatch.
The Decrees of New Plant: they suppressed the fueros and institutions of Aragon, being respected Navarrese and Basque.
The Courts were unique, keeping Navarre.
State intervention in the economy. Unique tax in Castilla.
The State created real manufactures.

-Church:
Control of the Church – applied the regalism and obtained the universal patronage.
Regalism: Doctrine that defends the primacy of real...