Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Secondary education

George ORWELL.Eric (George) was A middle-class Indian. Hi father was an officer in Burma. His mother Took him to England and there he was vrey happy. At the age of 8 he Was sent to a boarding school and it was very traumatic because he Was alone. Being middle-class, Orwell's family could afford to send Him to a boarding school. George was a smart child. In theory, the Boarding school trated all children gool, but in practise the Threatment depended on their status. Orwell felt discriminated, Undervalued by rich people. They gave him his first social injustice. They beat and called cynic for not being like the others. Eric wanted To go to University, but what he did was to be a policeman in India. He returned to Burma, which was under the power...

China's Political Continuity: Dynastic History and Communism

Parallels Between Dynastic History and Communism

Values (Similarities)

• Respect for elders, cult of personality, and resistance to progress.
• Confucianism: Emphasis on harmony and backwards approaches of never challenging tradition or moving forward.

Centrism (Similarities)

• Strong unitary central authority and bureaucracy chosen on the basis of merit (e.g., Han Dynasty, Qin).
• Deference to party and state leadership.

Patterns of Change

• Historical cycle: Rulers become jaded or corrupt, losing sight of their values.
• An outsider is forced to take over and re-establish old traditions and values.

The Transition of Power: From Mao Zedong to Deng Xiaoping

• In 1921, the Communist Party (CCP) was formed,

Causes

• The Treaty of Versailles signed: Germany was obliged to reduce military, pay reparations, and renounce territories.
• Hitler writes 'Mein Kampf': Aims to make Germany great again and plan for the Jews.
• The Global Depression begins: Mode dictators come to power.
• Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany democratically.
• Hitler begins to rebuild his army in secret.
• Abyssinia Invasion: Mussolini invades Abyssinia, leading to the League of Nations' downfall.
• Rhineland reoccupied.
• The Spanish Civil War: Germany rehearses arms and aircraft.
• Rome Berlin Axis: Hitler Mussolini Alliance.
• Anschluss with Austria: Annexation of Austria into Germany.
• The Munich Agreement: Sudetenland returned to Germany.
• 1939 Nazis invade Czechoslovakia, breaking the Munich Agreement.

The Late Victorian Era: Society and Education (Second Half of the 19th Century)

During the second half of the 19th century, British society was deeply divided and imbalanced. On one hand, there was the Great Famine in Ireland, while on the other, powerful elites held sway. For example, in the field of education, only 8% of all children in the United Kingdom received secondary education. Yet, this was also the golden age of public schools such as Rugby, Eton, Winchester, and others. These elitist schools were entirely private and served as the primary educational institutions for the elite. These public schools played a very important role, and this continues to be the case today. With the exception of John Major, all British prime ministers...

The Reign of Charles I (1516-1556)

Charles I had to tackle serious domestic and foreign conflicts.

Domestic Conflicts Under Charles I

• The domestic conflicts broke out following his arrival in Spain in 1517, at which time he did not even speak Castilian. He asked for enormous sums of money from the Cortes to finance his election as Holy Roman Emperor, and he also left the government of his Hispanic territories in the hands of Flemish advisors. The two main revolts were that of the Comuneros in Castile (1520-1521); and that of the Brotherhoods in Valencia and Mallorca (1519-1523), which was a confrontation between the urban guilds and the nobility. Both sides revolted against Charles I, as he did not respond to their petitions; they were subjugated

Blitzkrieg and Hitler's Motives

What is the Blitzkrieg? Why did Hitler use the Blitzkrieg? Blitzkrieg were shock tactics. Its aim was to paralyse the enemy by a devastating use of the most up-to-date technology. Hitler used Blitzkrieg tactics for two reasons:

• Many people in Germany didn't share Hitler's enthusiasm for the war. Blitzkrieg would deliver quick victories that would get people to support it.
• Germany's economy couldn't support long-drawn-out campaigns. Blitzkrieg allowed the army to seize territory quickly and plunder the resources Germany needed.

Can you explain the turning point of the Second World War and why did it happen? If the war was going to last for long, Hitler thought that Germany would need oil. Then, he turned his eyes...

-First world war: alliances / industrial & technological advances used manufactured weapons / society transformed: men at war, women at work

Support for Primo de Rivera's Government

Who supported Primo de Rivera's government?

Support came from King Alfonso XIII, southern landlords, the army, and the wealthy, moderate capitalists from Catalonia. His dictatorship also sought the backing of the moderate socialist union, the UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores).

The First Republican Government and Key Reforms

The first Republican government was a coalition between center-progressive parties and the PSOE (a moderate socialist party). The main reforms they introduced were:

• Military Reform: The army was too large, inefficient, and outdated for the country to afford. Manuel Azaña decided to reduce its size by offering generous retirement pensions.
• Educational Reform: The Church had traditionally

The Origins of the Kingdom of Asturias

After invading in 711, the Muslims conquered almost all of the Iberian Peninsula. In the Cordillera Cantábrica, a small group of Visigothic Christians survived the Muslim conquest and established the Kingdom of Asturias. Among these Visigothic nobles was Pelayo, who later defeated the Muslims for the first time in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga. His successors, Alfonso I and Alfonso II, established Oviedo as the capital and expanded the kingdom into Galicia.

The Rise of the Kingdom of Leon and Castile

In the second half of the 9th century, Alfonso III took control of the territory north of the Duero River. The kingdom was renamed the Kingdom of Leon, with the city of Leon as its capital. Alfonso III built...

Spain Under Alfonso XIII

Political Opposition

The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was characterized by alternating Liberal and Conservative governments. However, this system began to collapse due to internal divisions within both political parties. In addition, other parties were also gaining support:

• The Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) argued for increased working-class access to power.
• Republican parties, such as the Radical Republican Party (PRR), argued for the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
• The Spanish Communist Party (PCE) argued for the creation of a Communist state similar to the USSR.
• Regionalist parties such as the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and the Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC) demanded more autonomy