Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Franco's Dictatorship in Spain: 1939-1975

The Rise of Franco

From 1939 to 1975, Spain was a dictatorship led by General Francisco Franco. In the last year of the Civil War, Franco made a political restoration and managed the new regime. Franco was named Chief of the Army and held other positions. With this, many pretended to be doing a series of reforms to achieve an authoritarian dictatorship. At the end of the Civil War, a new stage began with a number of characteristics:

• Propaganda making it clear that Franco was only responsible for his actions.
• Fighting liberalism with the negation of party systems.
• A large repression as a leader sits politically.

Franco's Ideology and Policies

Franco imposed the political and ideological bases of his dictatorship.... Continue reading "Spain Under Franco: A Historical Analysis" »

Causes of the Spanish War of Independence

Foreign Policy Under Charles IV

The foreign policy of Charles IV was heavily influenced by the outbreak and consequences of the French Revolution. He initially sought to prevent the Spanish people from learning about the events in France, implementing a "cordon sanitaire" under the direction of his minister, Floridablanca. Following the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Spain declared war on revolutionary France. However, after Napoleon's rise to power, Spain signed an alliance with France.

Treaty of Fontainebleau

The Treaty of Fontainebleau authorized Napoleon's army to cross Spain to invade Portugal, which had refused to comply with the continental blockade against Britain. Napoleon had received... Continue reading "The Peninsular War: A Detailed Account" »

Reformist Biennium (1931-1933)

Republican Reforms

The new government launched a two-year task of reforming the country into a secular and democratic decentralized state. It aimed to address some outstanding problems from the previous century.

Military Reform

The government drafted a law on retirement withdrawals that enabled nearly half of the army officers to retire. The military was subjected to civil power, the number of captain-generals was reduced, the military academy in Zaragoza was disbanded, and army commanders were changed.

Religious and Educational Reform

The government also tried to decrease the weight of the Catholic Church and its influence on education. The new constitution separated church and state, abolished the budget for worship... Continue reading "Spanish Second Republic Reforms (1931-1933): Military, Religious, and Land Changes" »

Stabilization of the Revolution: The Directory (1794-1799)

After Thermidor, the Convention imposed a moderate republican regime, dismantling the Jacobean structure with the drafting of the Constitution of 1795. This constitution attempted to maintain equilibrium between the powers:

• The executive power resided in a Directory of five members.
• Two legislative assemblies: the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Elders.
• The judiciary acted as guarantor of the constitution.

Census suffrage was reintroduced, and political life began to be controlled by the wealthy. The Directory faced two major enemies: the Monarchists, who conspired against the revolutionary power, and radical revolutionaries.

The Consulate (1799): The Rise of Napoleon

The 1797 elections... Continue reading "The French Revolution: Directory, Consulate, and Napoleonic Empire" »

14th Century

Scottish Independence

• 1305: William Wallace killed
• 1314: Battle of Bannockburn - Scotland becomes independent from England under King Robert the Bruce I.

The Hundred Years War (1339-1453)

• The House of Valois
• The House of Plantagenet (or Anjou) - Edward III claims the throne of England and France.

The Black Death (c.1348)

The Black Death affected all of Europe, killing between 30% and 60% of the population. This had a significant impact on the social structure and was one of the worst pandemics in history. It also dealt a blow to the Roman Catholic Church, as their efforts to care for the sick led to infections and blame being directed towards Rome. This also led to the persecution of minorities (Jews, foreigners, beggars, lepers) who were... Continue reading "14th and 15th Century Key Events: Scottish Independence, Wars, and Revolts" »

The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

In 1820, Fernando VII faced a military uprising led by Colonel Riego. The uprising, initially planned by Fernando Cabezas de San Juan, aimed to restore the liberal Constitution of 1812 ("La Pepa"). Although the plot was discovered, Riego's rebellion gained momentum, forcing Fernando to acknowledge the Constitution.

The King had to rule alongside the liberals, enduring their criticisms. The liberals were divided into two groups: the moderates and the extremists. The moderates favored compromise with the King, while the extremists demanded strict adherence to the Constitution, even considering incapacitating Fernando.

The Liberals faced three major challenges: fiscal ruin, internal division, and the threat of absolutist... Continue reading "The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) and the Carlist War in Spain" »

Victorian England

Economy and Territory

The reign of Victoria I started in 1837 and continued until 1901 (the Victorian era). Britain reached its maximum territorial expansion. Economic development was affected by a crisis affecting agriculture; cultivated land was reduced, and farmers abandoned the countryside and moved to the cities or emigrated to America. Despite this, Britain continued to be the main financial center thanks to a strong currency. Issues related to imperialist economic expansion were closely tied to trade, finance, and control of shipping routes.

Politics and Reform

It began with the extension of suffrage, and political life revolved around two parties: the Tories and Whigs. Disraeli carried out electoral reform, considered... Continue reading "Victorian Britain and European Empires: Power and Change" »

Europe Between the Wars (1919-1939)

A New Map of Europe

Following World War I, the map of Europe underwent significant changes:

• Germany lost territories.
• Latvia, Lithuania, and Hungary emerged as independent nations.
• Austria-Hungary was divided into Austria and Hungary.
• Czechoslovakia was formed.
• Serbia and Montenegro united and expanded, forming Yugoslavia.

Russia remained isolated.

The American "New Deal"

The "New Deal" in the U.S. involved government intervention, leading to:

• Low unemployment.
• Increased sales.
• Increased industrial production.
• The opening of new industries.

Political Shifts: From Democracy to Dictatorship

In 1919, democracy prevailed in Europe. By 1938, dictatorships had risen. This shift occurred due to:

• Economic crises that democratic regimes

Decrees of Nueva Planta and the Regional Government's Purpose

After the death of Charles II without an heir, a succession problem arose, which led to the War of Succession. In this war, two pretenders to the throne faced each other, supported by various European powers. Philip V initiated a reorganization of the state, which implied political and administrative centralization. With the Decree of Nueva Planta, the political institutions of the various foral territories disappeared, except for the Basque Country and Navarre. The civil courts of Aragon were among the few that survived. The Bourbons established a uniform political-administrative structure throughout the centralist model of Castile, which favored monarchical absolutism.

The Esquilache

Key Formulas and Concepts

• Ea = Er * (Xi-X) / X DataTraveler 100
• Class = Ea / FE DataTraveler 100
• p = No (No products) · p (unitario PRICE) = Cf + Cu · n
• Q (Optimal Lot) = [2k (cost realization Checkout) * Q (full productions a year) / g (annual cost)]

Historical Timeline

1939-1945: Early Franco Era

1939 -> Responsibility '40-Civiles> Masonry and Suppression.

'39-'45-> 10,000 executed.

1943-1950s: Post-War and Isolation

'43 (Cortes) and Spanish Law -> last fascist redoubt-> Fr '48' 46 UN ambassadors and eliminate military tribunals. Isolation affects business-> succession laws kingdom. Cold War-> '50 UN Mars' 53

1960s: Technocratic Modernization

'60s-'69-> Technocratic-> Modernization of society and economy. '66 Press law, religious... Continue reading "Spanish History: From Civil War to Democracy" »