Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Causes of Independence

The creole minority was unhappy. They possessed great economic power, but the Spanish controlled taxes and trade. They were influenced by liberalism and nationalism. The UK and France supported independence for Spain's American territories because it would allow them to trade freely with the new nations.

Process of Independence

1810–1815: Power Vacuum

• The Spanish War of Independence led to a power vacuum in America.
• In 1810, juntas were established in several territories that declared their independence.
• With the return of Fernando VII to the throne, Spain recovered territories except Río de la Plata.

1816–1828: Liberation Victories

• General San Martín declared the independence of Argentina in 1816. He defeated royalist

The Reign of Isabel II (1833-1868)

The reign of Isabel II can be divided into two main phases: her minority, with two regencies (her mother, Maria Cristina of Naples, who was soon confronted by the Carlist Wars, and General Espartero), and her majority, which went through three stages: the Moderate Decade, the Progressive Biennium, and the Liberal Union.

Regency of Maria Cristina (1833-1840)

Maria Cristina faced two major problems: war and the institutional organization of the liberal regime.

a) The Carlist Wars

The country was divided between Carlists and Isabellinos (Elizabethans). Traditionalists were loyal to Don Carlos, while those who supported Isabel had to align themselves with the liberals. The Carlist monarchists were traditionalists,... Continue reading "Isabel II's Reign in Spain: A Historical Analysis" »

Sandhurst Manifesto: Classification and Authorship

Document Classification

The Sandhurst Manifesto is a historical text and a direct primary source of political and informational content.

Authorship and Audience

The author is Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. Although written for the future King, Alfonso XII, the manifesto was primarily addressed to the Spanish public.

Development and Historical Context

Circumstances of Creation

Cánovas del Castillo had spent six years building a political movement centered around the figure of Prince Alfonso. Following the collapse of the First Spanish Republic (marked by the pronouncement of General Pavía), Cánovas designed a new political system aimed at restoring the Bourbon dynasty.

The statement was completed... Continue reading "The Sandhurst Manifesto and the Foundations of the Bourbon Restoration" »

The Early Modern Era: Defining Features

The term Early Modern Era spans from the invention of printing to the French Revolution.

Chronological Markers

The beginning of this period is marked by several significant events:

• The Fall of Constantinople
• The Discovery of America
• The Conquest of Granada
• In England, the Battle of Bosworth, which initiated the Tudor dynasty.

The end of the period is generally marked by either the French Revolution or the Industrial Revolution.

Cultural and Religious Shifts

Culturally, this era was profoundly marked by the Renaissance and the Baroque styles. In religion, the defining movement was the Reformation.

Economic Developments

Economically, we observe the beginning of capitalism and mercantilism.

Defining Tensions: Modernity

31 nervos pares
3º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria  cervical
6º mes de vida= curvatura secundaria lombar
2 curvaturas primarias: toracica e sacral.
2 cuvaturas secundarias: cervical e lombar.
4 curvaturas
Curvaturas da coluna vertebral:
Curvaturas primarias: mantem o sentido da curvatura da coluna fetal: toracica e sacral
Curvaturas secundarias: Cervical (surge em torno do 3º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o peso da cabeça.
Lombar: surge em torno do 6º mes de vida, quando a criança ja sustenta o corpo em posição ortostatica)
CURVATURAS NOMAIS:
Cifose: acentuação das curvaturas primarias= toracica e sacral
Lordose: acentuação das curvaturas secundarias= cervical e lombar
Quando a lordose é muito acentuada, denomina-se hiperlordose
Escoliose:... Continue reading "Notebook" »

Submetida a um tratamento médico, uma pessoa ingeriu um comprimido contendo 45 mg de ácido acetilsalicílico (C9H8O4). Considerando a massa molar do C9H8O4 180g/mol e o número de Avogadro 6.10²³, o número de moléculas da substancia ingerida é?
Primeiro transformando mg para g

1g..................1000mg
x....................45mg

x = 0,045g

1 mol.........................180g

x................................0,045

x = 0,00025mol

1 mol...............6,0 . 10²³

0,00025............x

x = 1,50 . 10^20

A balança mais precisa pode detectar uma variação de aproximadamente 10( elevado -8g). Quantos átomos de ouro existiriam em uma amostra desse peso?
Primeiramente consulte uma tabela periódica para obter a massa atômica do ouro( ma = 197u)
assim, a

How Did Castile Evolve?

Castile's Rise

Under the Caliphate of Cordoba, the Muslims attacked Leon. At the same time, Castile became Muslim independent. Castile provided defense against attacks from the valley of the River Ebro. It was divided into counties under the Count Fernan Gonzalez (930–970).

Leon began to decline at the end of the 10th century. This increased the power of the counts of the kings of Castile and Navarre. In 1035, Castile became an independent kingdom.

The Pyrenean Region

The Pyrenean region formed the Spanish March within the Carolingian Empire. In the 9th century, the Carolingian Empire dissolved. Three different independent regions were formed: Navarre, Aragon, and the Catalan counties.

The Kingdom of Navarre

From the 10th... Continue reading "Evolution of Castile and Early Christian Kingdoms' Art" »

The Democratic Administration (1868-1874)

The Revolution of September

In September 1868, Queen Isabella II left the throne because of the outbreak of the September Revolution, known as "The Glorious".

Formation of a Provisional Government

Chaired by General Serrano, but with General Prim as the strongman, a provisional government was formed. Constituent elections were called and won by monarchists. To win, the monarchists promoted the creation of a constitution that recognized the right of *illegal legislables* (rights that the legislature understood that they could not legislate because it had the right man for the very fact of human nature) and three reprimands the division of powers, but the monarchy retained executive power. The government... Continue reading "Spain's Political Turmoil: 1868-1878" »