Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Make an Essay. Please, Be Careful with the Parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Do Your Best.

a) October 9th, 1820

The revolution of October 9, 1820 has its antecedents from 1814. José de Antepara, José Joaquin Olmedo, and Jose de Villamil arrived in Guayaquil to introduce new political concepts and forms of government to the people. These patriots emphasized independence, democracy, and the republic, advocating for necessary changes in political and social structures.

Major Miguel de Utamendi arrived in the port, connecting with other figures from Spanish America. On October 8, 1820, the conspirators initiated their plan, successfully taking over the city's barracks. A government junta was formed, and the flag of independent Guayaquil... Continue reading "Revolution of October 9, 1820: Independence in Guayaquil" »

"Pride (In the Name of Love)" as a Pacifist Anthem

"Pride (In the Name of Love)" can be considered a song dedicated to Martin Luther King, Jr. It is viewed as a pacifist anthem inspired by this unique anti-racist leader, who is remembered as one of the most important social figures in the history of the United States.

Key lyrics:

• "One man come in the name of love"
• "One man come and go"
• "One man come he to justify"
• "One man to overthrow"

What's more:

• In the name of love
• What more in the name of love?

Key Concepts:

Assembly - Right - People - Nations - Individual - Teaching - Respect - Achievement - Freedom - International

Influential Figures in Peace and Justice Movements

Gandhi (1869-1948)

Gandhi was a Hindu lawyer and politician who fought in the Indian... Continue reading "Pacifist Anthem Inspired by Anti-Racist Leaders" »

-First world war: alliances / industrial & technological advances used manufactured weapons / society transformed: men at war, women at work

Economic Liberalism and Chartism

Economic liberalism is a doctrine that proposes favorable development through the free market and minimal state intervention in economic affairs. Proponents wanted the recognition of private property and individual profit.

Chartism was a movement that petitioned Parliament, demanding political reforms, universal manhood suffrage, laws to protect workers' interests, and salaries for Members of Parliament (MPs). It was active from 1838 to 1848.

Population Growth and the Industrial Revolution

Population growth encouraged agricultural and industrial development because there was an increased demand for food and manufactured products. The Agricultural Revolution enabled population growth and industrial development because... Continue reading "Economic Liberalism, Chartism, and Industrial Revolutions" »

Colonization of the New World: Spain, France, and England

Spain's Colonial Ambitions

Spain had three main goals: to spread Christianity, to build a powerful empire, and to acquire wealth. These are often referred to as the "3 G's": God, Gold, and Glory.

• God: Spain sent missionaries to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. They believed that Christianized natives would be more loyal, helping Spain establish authority.
• Gold: Spain sought resources like gold, silver, and other precious metals to exploit for their benefit.
• Glory: Spain aimed to build the strongest empire and dominate the New World.

England's Colonial Expansion

As the English economy weakened and social tensions rose between classes, colonizing the Americas seemed like an escape.... Continue reading "Colonization of the New World: Spain, France, England" »

Primo de Rivera

In 1923 another pronunciamiento took place: General Miguel Primo de Rivera came to power with the consent of the king. Public disorder was rampant, and the system wasn't working. Primo de Rivera had been in Catalonia as Captain General. They thought he could bring calm and peace.

Primo de Rivera wanted to regenerate the system and later he would give the power back again. It did not work. He stayed for longer than promised and became unpopular. He tried to start a political party, the Unión Patriótica.

His dictatorship can be divided into two periods: Military Directory (1923-1925) and Civil Directory (1925-1930). He had great success at the beginning. Along with the French, the Spanish Army defeated the Moroccan rebel Abd-el-... Continue reading "The Second Spanish Republic: From Dictatorship to Civil War" »

The Opening of Japan to Trade in the 19th Century

The United States and the Opening to Japan, 1853: On July 8, 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry led his four ships into the harbor at Tokyo Bay, seeking to re-establish, for the first time in over 200 years, regular trade and discourse between Japan and the Western world.

Why Was Commodore Perry Sent to Japan?

Perry, on behalf of the U.S. government, forced Japan to enter into trade with the United States and demanded a treaty permitting trade and the opening of Japanese ports to U.S. merchant ships. The Japanese had no navy with which to defend themselves, and thus they had to agree to the demand.

Italian Unification: Causes and Effects

What Caused the Italian Unification?

Those who stood for... Continue reading "19th-Century Unifications: Japan, Italy, Germany & USA" »

Post-Napoleonic Europe: The Restoration Era

After Napoleon was defeated in the War of Independence of Spain and ultimately in 1815, the Restoration period began. This marked a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime, known as absolutism.

The Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). Key measures adopted included:

• The restoration of absolute monarchs to their thrones.
• A restructuring of the European map.
• An agreement among European monarchs to support any legitimate monarch facing threats.

This return to absolutism, however, provoked resistance and fueled revolutions driven by new ideas:

• Liberalism
• Nationalism
• Democracy

Key Ideologies of the 19th Century

Liberalism was an ideology... Continue reading "Europe After Napoleon: Restoration & Change" »

The Korean War (1950-1953)

Why?

After World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. North Korea, aiming for reunification under communist rule, invaded the South.

Who?

• North Korea (supported by China and the USSR)
• South Korea (supported by the UN, primarily the USA and Great Britain)

Outcome:

The war ended in a stalemate, with the border remaining largely unchanged. The Korean War is significant as the only Cold War conflict that remains unresolved. North Korea's nuclear ambitions continue to pose a threat today.

The Vietnam War (1954-1975)

Why?

During the decolonization of French Indochina after World War II, Vietnam was divided into communist North Vietnam and capitalist South Vietnam. The possibility of South Vietnam falling to communism... Continue reading "Understanding the Cold War: Key Conflicts and Causes" »