Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Francoist Cortes Dissolution

This law was approved by the Francoist Cortes, although it meant their own dissolution. To convoke elections, it was necessary to put an end to the Francoist Cortes; this law abolished those Cortes.

1977: A Year of Change

In the first six months of 1977, significant changes were made:

• Further amnesty for political prisoners
• Independent trade unions replaced vertical syndicates
• Right to strike was restored
• Legalization of political parties began in February

June 1977 Elections

Elections were convoked in June 1977, after trade unions and the PCE (Communist Party of Spain) were legalized. The UCD (Union of the Democratic Centre) won, and the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) came second. Another feature was the important... Continue reading "Spain's Transition to Democracy: Reforms and Challenges (1977-1985)" »

CONSTRUCTION OF THE LIBERAL STATE (1833-1874)

The First Carlist War and the Rise of Isabelline Spain

Ferdinand VII's decision to allow female succession through the Pragmatic Sanction sparked conflict with his brother, Carlos Mª Isidro, leading to the First Carlist War (1833-1839). The Carlists, supporters of Carlos, defended absolutism and traditional institutions, while the Isabelline faction, backing Isabella II, embraced liberalism and reform.

Following a series of Carlist defeats, the Isabelline forces, led by General Espartero, emerged victorious. The Vergara Agreement of 1839 officially ended the war, granting amnesty to Carlist soldiers while preserving some regional autonomy (fueros).

The Implantation of the Liberal State (1833-1843)

During... Continue reading "The Rise of the Liberal State in Spain (1833-1874)" »

Phases of the French Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792)

Once in the Estates General, the Third Estate proposed to change the voting system to one individual vote per member. The king refused, and the bourgeoisie declared themselves the true representatives of the nation. They proclaimed a National Assembly and pledged to draft a constitution. The king eventually agreed to demands, and a National Constituent Assembly was formed to abolish feudalism, approve the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, and draw up a constitution based on the separation of power and national sovereignty with limited male suffrage (suffrage censitaire). The Legislative Assembly began to govern with the rules of the constitution, forcing the nobility... Continue reading "French Revolution Phases and Napoleon's Rise to Power" »

the colosseum it take 80 years to construct.Started by the empereor vespasian.50000 people.76.Gladiators,actors,gravediggers not coliuseem.roman built roads,aches,bridges,aqueducts,long channels.

Women in the 1920s USA

LIMITATIONS

The Cold War: An Overview

The Rise of Two Power Blocs

The Second World War dramatically reshaped global politics. In 1945, the Allied forces, led by the US, Soviet Union, Britain, and France, defeated the Axis powers. This victory led to the emergence of two dominant powers: the US and the USSR. These powers gradually formed two opposing blocs: the Western camp, led by the US, and the Eastern camp, led by the USSR. For the first time, global politics became organized along ideological lines, with the US representing liberal democracy and the USSR championing socialism and communism.

A New Kind of Warfare

The Cold War differed from previous wars because it lacked direct military conflict between the US and the USSR. Instead, it was an ideological... Continue reading "The Cold War: Origins, Ideologies, and Global Impact" »

Ancient Greece: Geography and its Influence

The modern countries which formed part of Hellas are: Macedonia, Albania, Greece, and Turkey.

The seas that surround Greek territory are the Mediterranean, Ionian, and Aegean.

The natural environment significantly influenced Greek history. Most of the land was dry and rocky, resulting in limited agriculture. The Greeks obtained much of their food from the Mediterranean Sea. They became expert sailors and crossed the sea for trade.

Why Ancient Greece Wasn't a Unified Country

Ancient Greece did not become a single country because of its physical relief:

• Mountains divided mainland Greece into small valleys.
• Islands were separated from each other by the sea.
• Each valley or island functioned like a small, independent

Forms of Government

Constitutional Monarchy

The highest authority of the state is a king or a queen, usually hereditary. The monarch’s power is limited by the Constitution and the law. The king or queen has little authority if the government is in the hands of a president.

Republic

The head of state is an elected president who changes periodically through elections. It is mainly a representation post, representing the country in public ceremonies, but with little or no real power.

Autocracy/Despotism

This is government by a single person who has unlimited power. Citizens have no say in the government.

Absolute Monarchy

The highest authority of the state is a king or a queen, usually hereditary. The king or queen has absolute power, and citizens have... Continue reading "Forms of Government: Monarchies, Republics, and More" »

Beowulf Character List

(with alternate spellings)

• ❖ Beowulf - the epic hero; the ideal warrior. He is originally a thane, but later becomes a feudal lord and king of the Geats.
• ❖ Grendel - the huge monster who terrorizes Herot, the mead hall of King Hrothgar. He cannot be destroyed by the weapons of men, but Beowulf kills him with his bare hands.
• ❖ Grendel’s mother (also known as the troll wife and Grendel’s dam) - She wants to avenge her son’s death, so she attacks the mead hall.
• ❖ Dragon - A fire-breathing, snake-like monster who ultimately kills Beowulf, but not before it meets its own death.
• ❖ Hrothgar - king of the Danes; He is a wise and generous ruler, but is too old to protect his people from the attack of Grendel.
• ❖ Unferth

1. Relaxing in Spain

I) Part 1

II) F 1

III) Junk

IV) c

2. Instagram Trends

I) Part 1

II) F 1

III) Encourages

IV) b

3. Jobless Women in Spain

I) Part 1

II) F1

III) Set Up

IV) c

4. Transforming Education

I) Part 1

II) T2

III) Available

IV) a

5. Research Ship Trapped

I) Part 2

II) F2

III) Actually

IV) c

6. Rural Americans and Healthcare

I) Part 2

II) T1

III) Prosper

IV) c

7. Cigarette Regulations

I) Part 2

II) F

III) Ban

IV) b

8. Tablets vs. Desktops

I) Part 2

II) F

III) Device

IV) c

9. Social Media in Schools

I) Part 3

II) F

III) Opportunity

IV) b

10. Teenage Life and Experiences

I) Part 3

II) F

III) Transition

IV) c