Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Fascism in Italy

The causes of the birth of Fascism in Italy were largely due to:

• Dissatisfaction with the peace agreements established after the First World War.
• The post-war situation, plagued by an economic crisis, unemployment, inflation, and social unrest.
• Revolutionary movements that frightened the most conservative sectors of society.

Fascism was the creation of journalist Benito Mussolini, who founded the National Fascist Party in 1921. He used paramilitary groups—the Italian Combat Squads (or Blackshirts)—to quash the workers’ movement. Mussolini gained support from large landowners, the small bourgeoisie, the Church, and King Victor Emmanuel III.

In 1922, the successful intervention of the Italian Combat Squads against trade unions... Continue reading "Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany: Origins and Rise to Power" »

TYPE OF TXT: Primary source

As regards the form, it's a law-legal text/terms for economic text

AUTHOR: Libe progre Governmnt, at the proposal of ministry of development+approved by Cortes+Isa2 (queen)

ADDRESSEE: All the Spaniards, so it is a public text

Introduction

OBJECTIVE: Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain

LOCA+DATE: Aranju, published in "", located in process of "Vicalvarada" to Progre Biennium 1854-56

Main idea: Boost the construction of the railway in Spain and the need to attract foreign capital

Introduction: The law approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain

Articles:

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.

4,6: Explains to whom corresponds construction of general... Continue reading "Boosting Railway Construction in Spain: A Primary Source Law Text" »

The new Bourbonic Monarchy: The decrees of the new plant. Reforms. (Cádiz)

Government and Administration Reform.
The reorganization of the State (Felipe V, Fernando VI, and Carlos III) established a strong, centralized, and unified absolute monarchy, following the French model.
The Councils are relegated (except for Castilla) by the Secretaries of Dispatch.
The Decrees of New Plant: they suppressed the fueros and institutions of Aragon, being respected Navarrese and Basque.
The Courts were unique, keeping Navarre.
State intervention in the economy. Unique tax in Castilla.
The State created real manufactures.

-Church:
Control of the Church – applied the regalism and obtained the universal patronage.
Regalism: Doctrine that defends the primacy of real... Continue reading "Reforms of the Borbonic Monarchy: Cadiz Decrees and Modernization" »

The Fall of the German Democratic Republic

The swift and unexpected downfall of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was triggered by the decay of other communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

The Breach of the Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was, in effect, breached in the summer of 1989 when a reformist Hungarian government began allowing East Germans to escape to Austria. By the fall, thousands of East Germans had followed this route, while thousands of others immigrated to West Germany.

In an effort to halt the deterioration of its position, the SED Politburo deposed Honecker in mid-October and replaced him with another hard-line communist, Egon Krenz. Under Krenz, the Politburo sought to eliminate the embarrassment occasioned... Continue reading "German Reunification: The Fall of the Berlin Wall" »

What is the Meaning of City-States?

What is a Colony?

What is the Golden Age of Greece About?

What is the Parthenon?

What Was Inside the Parthenon?

Write a Little Biography of Alexander the Great

Wars Involving Carlos V

After he was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1520, Carlos V's main aspiration was to establish a universal Christian empire. The following groups were opposed to this:

• The Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
• France
• The Ottoman Empire
• The Pope

Carlos V was constantly engaged in wars:

• War against France
• War against the Pope
• Flanders
• War against the Ottoman Empire
• War against the Protestants

Felipe II and His Territories

Felipe II, the son of Carlos V, reigned between 1556 and 1598. He inherited the Kingdoms of Spain and Burgundy. His uncle Fernando inherited the Habsburg Empire and the right to the imperial title.

Social Problems in the 16th Century

• Banditry in the Crown of Aragón, where outlaws attacked travelers and rich

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of independence leader Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, making her the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India after her father. Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India.

Early Political Career

Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during his tenure... Continue reading "Indira Gandhi: India's First Female Prime Minister" »

Social and Cultural Roots of the Mafia

The rise of the Mafia in Italy can be attributed to a complex interplay of social and cultural factors, particularly in the southern regions. Historical conditions, such as agrarian conflicts and feudal systems, created a fertile ground for the emergence of organized crime. The Mafia's emphasis on honor, loyalty, and family values shaped its internal dynamics and interactions with society.

Values and Underdevelopment in Southern Italy

The Mafia's values, while seemingly positive, often hindered modernization efforts and contributed to the economic lag in southern Italy. Loyalty to family often superseded loyalty to societal institutions, leading to a distrust of the state and a reluctance to cooperate with... Continue reading "The Mafia in Italy: A Historical and Cultural Analysis" »

The Second World War was a devastating military conflict that spanned from 1939 until 1945. It involved nearly all European countries, Japan, the United States, China, and European colonies across North Africa, Asia, and Oceania, making it a truly global event.

Origins of World War II

The primary causes of this monumental war included:

• Nationalist Discontent: Germany harbored resentment over the loss of significant territories due to the Treaty of Versailles. Italy, similarly, felt aggrieved, believing it had not received the territories it deserved after World War I.
• Economic Protectionism: The adoption of protectionist economic policies, aimed at reducing imports, led to an increase in tensions and trade disputes between nations.
• Expansionist