Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Causes of Imperialism

Economic Rivalry

Competition between countries for lands increased military expenditure.

Political Rivalry

New powers (USA and France), alliances, Balkans conflict.

Colonialism

• Industrial development = demographic growth - life improves
• Strategic moves
• Developed countries compete for dominance = suspicion between powers

Congress of Berlin

USA, Germany, Japan VS England

Portugal, Belgium, Italy: interested in African colonies (raw materials)

German Otto von Bismarck distributed Africa.

Consequences of Colonialism

For the Colonies

• No industrialization
• Land exploitation
• Imposition of conquering power
• Destruction of ethnic structures
• Artificial borders

For the Empires

• Development of industrialization
• Strategic moves
• Arms race
• Suspicion between powers
• Prestige
• Introduced

The Hegemony of the USA

The USA had two main political parties: The Republican (centre-right) and The Democratic (centre-left).

Harry S. Truman and Dwight Eisenhower (1945-1960) established a severe anti-communist foreign policy by:

• Creating a “blacklist” of communist sympathizers in the trade unions, among Hollywood actors, screenwriters, and directors.

John F. Kennedy became president (1961) and tensions eased. The civil rights movement emerged, advocating for equality of rights for the Black population. Its main leader was Martin Luther King.

The American economy grew significantly after the war. Transport and tourism, agriculture and industry, commerce and finance all contributed to the rise of powerful multinational companies that spread... Continue reading "The Post-War World: US Hegemony, Japanese Miracle, and the Rise of the European Union" »

The Congress of Vienna and the Restoration

The Congress of Vienna, convened after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, marked a return to the Ancien Régime. European powers—Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain—sought to restore the pre-revolutionary political order.

Two key alliances emerged during this period:

• The Holy Alliance: Comprising Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Including Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Revolutions and Ideologies

The 19th century witnessed numerous revolutions across Europe, fueled by discontent with the restored order. These uprisings were driven by powerful ideologies:

Liberalism

Liberalism championed individual liberties and resonated with the burgeoning bourgeoisie. Its core principles... Continue reading "19th Century European Revolutions: From Restoration to Reform" »

Assembly line:

System of production using a moving belt, in which each worker repetitively completes one part of the production process.

Alliances:

Formal agreement between two or more countries to cooperate.

Abdicate:

Give up the title of monarch or emperor.

Armistice:

Agreement to stop fighting.

Bolshevik:

Russian word meaning “majority”.

Consumer society:

Society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important activity.

Colonize:

Take direct control of a region or country.

Consumerism:

Desire to acquire more and more goods; it is also beneficial to the economy.

Communist:

Based on the ideas of Karl Marx; describes a person or political party which advocates the dictatorship of the proletariat, the elimination of private... Continue reading "Key Terms of World History: Definitions and Explanations" »

The Foundational Treaties

The idea was to encourage progressive economic integration that would eventually lead to a political union. The first treaties, known as the foundational treaties, were:

The Treaty of Paris (1951)

• Established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
• Originally formed by: France, Luxembourg, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

The Treaty of Rome

• Signed by the same six countries as the Treaty of Paris.
• Established the EEC (European Economic Community).
• Formed a common market of goods, labor, services, and capital, and a common agricultural policy.

The Treaty of Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community)

• Established a common market for nuclear energy.

The ECSC, EEC, and Euratom created their own institutions... Continue reading "The Rise and Fall of Communism: From Post-War Recovery to Economic Stagnation" »

in the Early modern age the spanish monarchs wanted to become more powerful.For this Reason they did many things inside the country (domestic policy) and outside ( Foreign policy).After the reign of the cactholic cmonarchs and the higher Habsburgs the spell of good luck became to the end with the lesser habsburgs And Felipe V

The reign Of Cacholic Monarchs lasted from 1469 to 1516.With the marriage of Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon this two crowns joined.With the Catholic Monarchs began the modern state and there was a common policy in the Iberian Peninsula but independent kingdoms. About the foreign policy during this reign They made alliances with other European kingdoms(From Habsburg to holy roman empire) by matrimonial policy with... Continue reading "The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire: From Habsburgs to Bourbons" »

Tourist friendly attitude is the surest way to promote tourism. Promoting tourism is like promoting the larger goal of peace and harmony around the world. Tourism is a driving force for poverty alleviation, job creation and social harmony and role of tourism in creating mutual understanding and Social harmony can be the leading one. If there is any destination in the world, which offers the widest choice to tourists, it is India. Nature tourism, culture tourism, exotic tourism, adventure tourism and spiritual tourism we have everything in India to cater to the diverse preferences of domestic and international tourists. Nothing makes a better and more lasting impression on a tourist than a courteous, friendly and helpful approach. A tourist... Continue reading "Promoting Tourism in India for Peace and Harmony" »

Age of Dryden (Restoration) till the Death of Druden (1700)

Satire and drama. Theatres had been closed because of being illegal and immoral by Puritans but they opened thanks to royal support.

The Age of Pope-Swift (Golden Age of Satire) till 1744

They represent satire. Augustan period till the death of Pope and Swift. Satire and the rise of the novel. They tried to kill the novel. The rise was illicit. It was an offensive reading, sexual and physically explicit. They had nothing to do with the rise of the novel, but for the fact that they were anti-novelists, trying to destroy the aesthetic of novels. GT is a book of satire criticizing novels. They represent the cultural elite, not the popular culture.

Age of Johnson

Sensibility or enlightenment.... Continue reading "18th Century English Literature: Satire, Novel, and Cultural Elite" »

International Relations (1947-1991)

Extreme Tension (1947-1956)

The Blockade of Berlin

Berlin was in the area occupied by the Soviets after the war. It was divided into four sectors: British, French, American, and Soviet. In 1948, the allies unified their areas of occupation. Stalin responded by blocking access to West Berlin. The allies provided the population with food and essential goods by means of airlifts. The blockade was ended in 1949.

The Korean War

After the war, the Korean peninsula was divided in half by the 38th parallel. The north had a communist government controlled by the USSR. The south had an anti-communist dictatorship under American control. The North started a war by invading the South. China and Russia supported the North,... Continue reading "The Cold War and Its Aftermath (1947-1991)" »