Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Augustan Age in English Literature

As the term Classical Age is too dignified for writers of the eighteenth century in England, who imitated only the outward trappings of the ancient classical writers and could not capture their inner spirit, this age is preferably called the Augustan Age. This term was chosen by the writers of the eighteenth century, who saw in Pope, Addison, Swift, Johnson, and Burke the modern parallels to Horace, Virgil, Cicero, and other brilliant writers who made Roman literature famous during the reign of Emperor Augustus.

The Age of Reason and Enlightenment

The eighteenth century is also called the Age of Reason or the Age of Good Sense because people thought they could stand on their own two feet and be guided in... Continue reading "The Augustan Age in English Literature: Reason, Enlightenment, and Neoclassicism" »

TYPE OF TXT: Primary source

As regards the form, it's a law-legal text/terms for economic text

AUTHOR: Libe progre Governmnt, at the proposal of ministry of development+approved by Cortes+Isa2 (queen)

ADDRESSEE: All the Spaniards, so it is a public text

Introduction

OBJECTIVE: Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain

LOCA+DATE: Aranju, published in "", located in process of "Vicalvarada" to Progre Biennium 1854-56

Main idea: Boost the construction of the railway in Spain and the need to attract foreign capital

Introduction: The law approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain

Articles:

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.

4,6: Explains to whom corresponds construction of general... Continue reading "Boosting Railway Construction in Spain: A Primary Source Law Text" »

The new Bourbonic Monarchy: The decrees of the new plant. Reforms. (Cádiz)

Government and Administration Reform.
The reorganization of the State (Felipe V, Fernando VI, and Carlos III) established a strong, centralized, and unified absolute monarchy, following the French model.
The Councils are relegated (except for Castilla) by the Secretaries of Dispatch.
The Decrees of New Plant: they suppressed the fueros and institutions of Aragon, being respected Navarrese and Basque.
The Courts were unique, keeping Navarre.
State intervention in the economy. Unique tax in Castilla.
The State created real manufactures.

-Church:
Control of the Church – applied the regalism and obtained the universal patronage.
Regalism: Doctrine that defends the primacy of real... Continue reading "Reforms of the Borbonic Monarchy: Cadiz Decrees and Modernization" »

What is the Meaning of City-States?

What is a Colony?

What is the Golden Age of Greece About?

What is the Parthenon?

What Was Inside the Parthenon?

Write a Little Biography of Alexander the Great

Wars Involving Carlos V

After he was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1520, Carlos V's main aspiration was to establish a universal Christian empire. The following groups were opposed to this:

• The Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
• France
• The Ottoman Empire
• The Pope

Carlos V was constantly engaged in wars:

• War against France
• War against the Pope
• Flanders
• War against the Ottoman Empire
• War against the Protestants

Felipe II and His Territories

Felipe II, the son of Carlos V, reigned between 1556 and 1598. He inherited the Kingdoms of Spain and Burgundy. His uncle Fernando inherited the Habsburg Empire and the right to the imperial title.

Social Problems in the 16th Century

• Banditry in the Crown of Aragón, where outlaws attacked travelers and rich

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and central figure of the Indian National Congress party, and to date the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of independence leader Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, making her the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India after her father. Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India.

Early Political Career

Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during his tenure... Continue reading "Indira Gandhi: India's First Female Prime Minister" »

Social and Cultural Roots of the Mafia

The rise of the Mafia in Italy can be attributed to a complex interplay of social and cultural factors, particularly in the southern regions. Historical conditions, such as agrarian conflicts and feudal systems, created a fertile ground for the emergence of organized crime. The Mafia's emphasis on honor, loyalty, and family values shaped its internal dynamics and interactions with society.

Values and Underdevelopment in Southern Italy

The Mafia's values, while seemingly positive, often hindered modernization efforts and contributed to the economic lag in southern Italy. Loyalty to family often superseded loyalty to societal institutions, leading to a distrust of the state and a reluctance to cooperate with... Continue reading "The Mafia in Italy: A Historical and Cultural Analysis" »

Blitzkrieg and Hitler's Motives

What is the Blitzkrieg? Why did Hitler use the Blitzkrieg? Blitzkrieg were shock tactics. Its aim was to paralyse the enemy by a devastating use of the most up-to-date technology. Hitler used Blitzkrieg tactics for two reasons:

• Many people in Germany didn't share Hitler's enthusiasm for the war. Blitzkrieg would deliver quick victories that would get people to support it.
• Germany's economy couldn't support long-drawn-out campaigns. Blitzkrieg allowed the army to seize territory quickly and plunder the resources Germany needed.

Can you explain the turning point of the Second World War and why did it happen? If the war was going to last for long, Hitler thought that Germany would need oil. Then, he turned his eyes... Continue reading "Blitzkrieg and War Crimes in World War II" »

World War II: Development of the Global Conflict (1939-1945)

Characteristics of the War

The war had an enormous reach, with operations spanning the Pacific, Europe, and Africa. It involved sixty countries, affecting up to 90% of the human population. Lasting six years—two more than the previous war—its duration was primarily due to the numerous German victories at the start, which necessitated a long and extensive recovery of lost territory.

It was also noteworthy for being the quintessential total war, forcing the economies of warring countries to be organized entirely around the conflict. Over 100 million soldiers were mobilized, and powerful weapons (tanks, bombs, aviation, etc.) were extensively used. Furthermore, it was an extremely merciless... Continue reading "World War II: Global Conflict, Key Stages, and Impact (1939-1945)" »