Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Decolonisation: The Process and Its Consequences

Decolonisation of Asia and the Middle East

In Asia, the independence of the Philippines was a peaceful process because the United States voluntarily granted this status to the country in 1946. The process was mixed on the Hindustan peninsula, where the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947 to form the Indian Union and Pakistan, from which Bangladesh separated in 1971. Independence was achieved through war in the Dutch colony of Indonesia and in French Indo-China, from which Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia emerged.

In the Middle East, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and various countries of the Arabian Peninsula became independent. The UN decided to divide Palestine in 1947 in order to create the... Continue reading "Decolonisation: Process, Consequences, and Impact" »

1870 Systems starts second revolution

1871-1890 Bismarckian aliens

1875 German Social Democratic Party

1885 Berlin conference

1889 Second International

1891 Peace through strength

1891 Triple Alliance, Triple Entente

1813 Forward assembly lines

1914 Panama Canal

1914-1918 World War One

1914 Assassination of Francisco Fernando, Austro-Hungary

Ultimatum to Syria, War is Declared

Serbia, Russia supports Serbia, Germany versus Russia, Your Money versus France, Germany invades Belgium

Japan, Triple Entente, Ottoman, Triple Alliance

1914-1915 War Movement

1915 Italy, Triple Entente, Bulgaria, Triple Alliance

1916 Battle of Verdun in Germany, Battle of Somme

1917-1918 End of the War

1917 US entered the war

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1919 Treaty of Versailles

A More Perfect Union, 2008

Classification

• Political speech, delivered in Philadelphia during the contest for the Democratic party presidential nomination.
• An attempt to address tensions between ideals of equal citizenship and freedom expressed in the Constitution, and America's history of slavery and segregation.

Authorship

• Barack Hussein Obama (1961)
• The first African American to become President of the United States of America.
• Son of a Kenyan man and a woman from Kansas, raised by his grandparents.
• From 1997 to 2004, he was a Democratic Senator for Illinois.
• In 2009, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Context

• 2008 Primaries for the Democratic Candidacy were held.
• During the former President George W. Bush's administration, he had become increasingly unpopular

Bourgeois Revolutions

The bourgeois revolutions enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political power and a social status which had only been available to the nobility under the Ancien Régime. These revolutions took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

This process was begun by two revolutions.

The American Revolution

The French Revolution

2.1. The causes of the war

The American War of Independence was caused by a combination of factors.

• Ideological factors: the colonists were familiar with Enlightenment thinking about liberty and equality. These ideas became the basis for the independence movement.
• Political factors: the British Parliament made decisions about taxes and other issues related to the colonies.
• Economic and social factors: by this

In the play “Journey’s End”, in addition to depict the First World War, the author’s main purpose is to let the audience reflect on how important are moral values in life. In particular, R. C. Sherriff highlights the value of friendship, which is portrayed through the relationship between Stanhope and Osborne. The friendship between the two of them is presented by the author through a series of key scenes, which play an extraordinary role. 

To begin with, since the start, the audience surely understands how strong the relationship between Osborne and Stanhope is. Stanhope is the infantry’s captain: despite his young age, he shows himself to be a fine leader of men, who is able to command his own company and to hold a very responsible... Continue reading "What happened to a good man with his son" »

The Rise of Fascism in Italy

Post-WWI Economic and Social Context in Italy

Following World War I, Italy faced a complex and challenging situation:

• Despite benefiting from the war economically, its agriculture and industry were devastated.
• High unemployment and rising prices plagued the nation.
• The burden of war loans added to the economic strain.

The Impact of the Great Depression on Italy

The global economic crisis further exacerbated Italy's woes:

• Consumption plummeted, leading to factory closures and widespread poverty.

The Rise of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party

In this climate of instability, Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party rose to power, capitalizing on popular discontent and promising order and stability.

Characteristics of Fascist

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

6. Know what AFDC is and how it applies to people. Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Key Political Concepts

• Neo-institutional: The way they interact and how they affect society.
• Interest Group: Organization of people who work together to protect and promote the government. Two categories: economic and noneconomic.
• Entrepreneurial: A person who organizes and operates a business/es, takes risk.
• Client: Government Owned Enterprise (GOE), prior to marketing or sales activities.
• Majoritarian: Democracy rule of society’s citizens.

Introducing a Bill in Congress

8. How can a bill be introduced in Congress? Members of Congress are the only ones who can introduce the bill at any time the House of Senate

The Restoration Era After Napoleon (1815)

Following Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Ancien Régime was restored. This meant a return to the political system imposed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These European powers met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and implemented several measures:

• Absolute monarchs were reinstated.
• Europe’s borders were redrawn.
• The European powers agreed to support any monarch facing revolution.

During the Restoration, two alliances formed:

• The Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Key Ideologies of the 19th Century

Three main ideologies shaped the era:

• Liberalism: Advocated for individual liberties such as the right to life, freedom

The Korean War

Background

Korea had been under Japanese control since 1910. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the US and USSR agreed to temporarily divide the country into two zones along the 38th parallel to organize Japan's surrender and withdrawal. The UN wanted free elections for the whole country, which the US supported, believing that capitalism would prevail in the South, where two-thirds of the population resided. However, no agreement was reached with the USSR. Elections were held in the South, and the Independent Republic of Korea was established. Russia, in turn, created the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the North. In 1949, both USSR and US forces withdrew, leaving a dangerous situation. Most Koreans resented the division, yet... Continue reading "The Korean War: A Summary and Analysis" »

Causes of the French Revolution

1. Taxation System: The complex system of administration and taxation prevented the government from raising necessary funds and limited the influence of the Third Estate.
2. American War: France's involvement in the American War of Independence, while resulting in victory against Britain, led to a financial crisis due to the high cost of fighting overseas. This economic strain contributed to the French Revolution.
3. Price Increases: Crop failures and harsh winters resulted in food shortages and price increases, impacting peasants and the urban poor. The rising cost of living, coupled with a financial crisis, led to increased unemployment and social unrest.

The Beginning of the Revolution (1789)

The privileged classes resisted... Continue reading "The French Revolution: Causes, Phases, and Key Events" »