Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Brad Pitt was born in 1963 in Oklahoma and raised in Springfield, Missouri. His mother's name is Jane Etta Hillhouse. His father, William (Bill) Pitt, worked in management at a trucking firm in Springfield. He has a younger brother, Douglas (Doug) Pitt and a younger sister Julie Neal Pitt. At Kickapoo High School, Pitt was involved in sports, debating, student government and school musicals. Pitt attended the University of Missouri, where he majored in journalism with a focus on advertising. He occasionally acted in fraternity shows. He left college two credits short of graduating to move to California. Before he became successful at acting, Pitt supported himself by driving strippers in limos, moving refrigerators and dressing as a giant chicken... Continue reading "Biografia ingles de un famoso" »

In my opinion the television is a medium of communication genial.The television is one of the most important inventions in history and it has evolved quickly. The TV has important characteristics, for example:
The TV offers environmental programs and broadcast many educational programs for children, for example english cartoons. We can know the wearer in other countries and we can watch movies at times boring. We can also hear the views of politicians of our country and elsewhere and their proposals. Educational television can be a powerful teaching tool.
Moreover, the television also has some drawbacks, for example, it's excessive use. Some programs are beyond the scope of education for our future children: violent and pornography. Many... Continue reading "Redaccion de ingles" »

The Lady Mary Challans (1905-1983). She studied nursing at the University of Oxford, a profession he held during the Second World War. After the war he settled in South Africa, where he began his literary career in 1956. His first novel, set in ancient Greece, brought him international fame, both for its style and care for the accuracy of historical data. He was especially interested in the fascinating personality of Alexander the Great, who was able to recreate with great skill in four novels, three of which (Fire in Paradise, The Persian Boy and Funeral Games) are a great trilogy on the history and legend Macedonian king and complete the fascinating approach to his personality that the author held in Alexander the Great.

The military genius,... Continue reading "Alexander the Great, of Mery Renault" »

End of Isabel II's Reign and Political Unrest

In the final years of Isabel II's reign, political, economic, and social unrest spread throughout Spain.

Factors Leading to Isabel II's Downfall

• The economic crisis led to rural and urban revolts.
• Progressives, Republicans, and Democrats were excluded from the government and rejected the conservatism of the ruling powers.
• The bourgeoisie and the army distanced themselves from the regime due to its authoritarianism.
• The Queen grew increasingly unpopular.

The Pact of Ostend (1866)

In 1866, Progressives, Democrats, and Republicans signed the Pact of Ostend, in which they agreed to overthrow Isabel II and establish a democratic Spain. The Unión Liberal joined the pact in 1868.

The 1868 Revolution: La Gloriosa

In... Continue reading "Spain's Tumultuous Era: Isabel II, Amadeo I & Restoration" »

The Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime was a social, economic, and political system that was dominant in Europe during the Early Modern Age.

Absolute Monarchies

Absolute monarchies were the main form of government during the Ancien Régime. They emerged because of the social and economic crises that took place at the end of the Middle Ages. These crises weakened the position of the privileged classes and allowed monarchs to strengthen their own positions in society. This led to powerful monarchs exercising supreme authority.

Justification for such power was found in the Medieval theory of the divine right of kings. This theory proposed that monarchs derived their right to rule directly from God. Any opposition was therefore opposing the will of... Continue reading "Understanding the Ancien Régime: Absolutism and Society" »

Military Expansion & Discoveries

Military Expansion Outside the Iberian Peninsula

Italy

The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, "The Great Captain," defeated the French and secured the Aragonese territories of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.

The Atlantic Ocean

Castilla's Atlantic expansion began with the conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands (completed in 1496) and the discovery of America in 1492.

The Discovery of America

Portuguese Discoveries

In the 15th century, Portugal was the leading power in geographical discoveries. The Portuguese established trading posts on the African coast to obtain slaves, ivory, and gold. This exploration was supported by Henry the Navigator, who founded a school of navigators and mapmakers.

Christopher

... Continue reading "Spanish & Portuguese Exploration: Age of Discovery" »

The Francoist Dictatorship (1939-1975)

Key Concepts of the Franco Regime

• Maquis: Individuals who fought against the Francoist regime, often through guerrilla warfare.
• Sección Femenina: The sole women's organization within the Falange, focused on instilling traditional female roles and Francoist ideology.
• Marshall Plan: A United States initiative for rebuilding Allied countries in Europe after World War II; Spain was notably excluded due to its political alignment.
• Economic Autarchy: An economic policy characterized by national self-sufficiency and minimal trade with the outside world.
• Isolationism: A political or economic policy that isolates a country from participating in international alliances or relationships.
• Rationing: The controlled distribution

... Continue reading "Franco's Spain: Regime, Society, and Women's Roles (1939-1975)" »

Things Fall Apart: Key Conflicts & Character Insights

Clashes in Values: British Courts vs. Igbo Society

The functioning of the British courts created significant clashes with the traditional values of family, unity, and tradition held by the Igbo people. The imposition of foreign laws and customs disrupted the established social order, leading to a breakdown of indigenous customs and threatening to tear the entire society apart.

Why Villagers Welcomed the British

Some villagers, even those not converted to Christianity, welcomed the British primarily because they introduced new opportunities for trade and market access. This economic incentive offered an alternative to traditional systems, appealing to those seeking new avenues for prosperity... Continue reading "Things Fall Apart: Colonialism's Impact on Igbo Society" »

The Cold War: A Summary

The Cold War was a long period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. The West was led by the United States, and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union. These two countries became known as superpowers. Although the two superpowers never officially declared war on each other, they fought indirectly in proxy wars, the arms race, and the space race.

Key Events and Turning Points

The Yalta Conference

At Yalta, the future of Poland was discussed. Stalin wanted control of Poland, but the U.S. and U.K. were strongly against it. Britain pointed out that they had entered the war in defense of Poland and could not accept anything but free elections in an independent... Continue reading "Cold War: US-Soviet Tensions & Proxy Conflicts" »

Vietnam's Economic Future: Growth and Stability

Vietnam’s political stability is closely tied to its economic performance. Unlike other one-party regimes that base their legitimacy on ideology, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) derives its authority from delivering sustained prosperity—a reflection of the Confucian notion that rulers remain legitimate as long as they ensure national well-being.

Today, Vietnam’s economic fundamentals are strong: unemployment is low, poverty is declining, and growth remains steady. These outcomes reinforce the Party’s image as an effective steward of development.

But as Vietnam climbs toward middle-income status, the stakes grow higher. The country now faces the classic dilemma of the middle-income trap—where... Continue reading "Vietnam's Economic Future: Scenarios for Growth and Stability" »