Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geology

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Principles of Flight

Classified in Geology

Written at on English with a size of 1.61 KB.

properties of open channel

        The flow is under gravity.
q
q        There will be a free surface for the Flow open to  atmosphere
q         The position of the free surface can Change in space and time

•There are three General principles used in solving problems of flow in open channels:
–Continuity (conservation of mass)
–Energy
–
•For problems Involving steady uniform flow, continuity and energy principles are sufficient

roughness depends on:
•Roughness Coefficient (n) is a function of:
•
–Channel material
–Surface irregularities
–Variation in shape
–Vegetation
–Flow conditions
–Channel obstructions
–Degree of meandering
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A climb gradient required is 3,3%.

Classified in Geology

Written at on English with a size of 3.12 KB.

Cliff erosion is a continuing process. Wave refraction causes eroding energy to rap around jutting headlands, narrowing them and eventually creating Tombolos and eventually offshore islands.


1. Build 5 or more meters above normal hightide.

2. Build in a spot with numerous high dunes between the proposed building and water.

3. Determine the rate of coastline erosion in the immediate vicinity.


1. Reduction of slope angle

2. Terracing

3. Placement of additional supporting material at the base of the slope.

4. Removal of soil, rock, or artificial structures high on the slope to reduce the mass.


1. Doors or windows stack or jam for the first time.

2. New cracks appear in plaster, tile, brick or foundations.

3. Outside walls, walks, or stairs begin to pull... Continue reading "A climb gradient required is 3,3%." »

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Climograma and Pollution: Environmental Impact in Spain

Classified in Geology

Written at on English with a size of 8.92 KB.

Climograma

Un Climograma é un gráfico no que representamos simultaneamente os valores da temperatura media mensual, mediante unha liña, e os de precipitación media mensual, mediante barras verticais, dos doce meses do ano. No eixe vertical esquerdo situaremos as frecuencias de temperatura en oC (Graos Centígrados), tendo en conta se hai temperaturas inferiores a 0oC, pois nese caso haberá que deixar un espazo para representalas. As temperaturas medias mensuais están unidas por unha liña vermella 1.No eixe vertical dereito representaremos as precipitacións (en mm), tendo en conta as proporcións que debemos utilizar en función do total, sabendo que será necesario indicar o dobre do valor empregado no eixe vertical esquerdo. A diferenza... Continue reading "Climograma and Pollution: Environmental Impact in Spain" »

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The earth is divided like a puzzle a series of compartments called rigid lithospheric plates.

Classified in Geology

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core-wietcher-lehmen        continental drift-Arthur-Wegner

Paleomagnetism

-Age of the seaved

-conclussion: 1)The earth's magnetic field has inverted his polarity many times throught the planet's history.

                    2) The only explanation for the symmetrical distribution of the paleomagnetic bands was that the seabed must have expanded fon the axis                              of the ridge.

-In the seabed there is ridges and volcanos

-In the middle of the ocean there are volcanos that erupt new material produced in the mantle, this produce the expansion to the sides at the old ocean crust.                                                                               

... Continue reading "The earth is divided like a puzzle a series of compartments called rigid lithospheric plates." »

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Oceanographic chacao channel

Classified in Geology

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Continental drift theory:(the movem of continents)(Wegener 1912) according to this theory the continents made of a lighter crust slid over a continuous thicker layer.Evidences:-Palaeolithic evidence:Identical fossils of land-based organisms such as reptiles were found in continents situated far apart,these organis. Could never have crossed the oceans that now separate them.-Geological evid.:Continents fit together along their coastlines&continental shelves,rocks of the same age and structure appear on each side of the line where they were joined.-Paleoclimatic evid:continents which were situated in the south pole pf Pangaea have glacial moraines from the same age.The ocean 4.1The ocean floor:the oceanographic survey ships conducted research
... Continue reading "Oceanographic chacao channel" »
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ingredientes

Classified in Geology

Written at on English with a size of 2.44 KB.

hydrosphere presence of water .Due to:composition of the atmosphere,distance from the sun100%water:97,5%of salt water and 2,5% of salt water:glaciers ground water permafrost surface water atmosphere /salt water origin sedimentary rocks 35g/l _fresh water 0,2 glacier types icesheets icebergs-valley glaciars cirque tounge /ground water permeable rock aquifer umpermeable rock/ surfece water lakes and lagoons wetland when ground water goes to the surface river flow of water torrents rivers without water  propirties of matter h20 molecule tasteless colourless odourless melting point temperature at wich water starts to change from solid to liquid o grados boiling point temperature at wich water starts to change from liquid to water vapour 100
... Continue reading "ingredientes" »
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colisiona gesta

Classified in Geology

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Wilson cycle: Wegener suggested that there have been 2 cyclical processes of rifting&reuniting of supercontinents during Earth's history.-Continental rifting:the rift has caused depressions,which has resulted in the formation of deep lakes at the bottom of the valley.-Extension of the ocean basin:1-A dome forms:the heat under the continent causes the crust to expand and lift up. 2-Continental rift stage:large fractures appear which make the lithosphere thinner&lead to the formation of a continental rift.3-Narrow sea stage:continents has completely split&separated.4-Maturing ocean stage:the divergence continues&the formation of oceanic lithosphere due to sea-floor spreading increases.-Closing of the ocean basin:the oceanic lithosphere
... Continue reading "colisiona gesta" »
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Understanding the English Vowel System: A Comprehensive Analysis

Classified in Geology

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The English Vowel System

In phonetics, "vowel" refers to a vowel sound or a letter representing it in writing. Vowels are speech sounds produced without obstructing airflow from the lungs, allowing breath to pass freely through the mouth. Vowels are always voiced (vocal cords vibrate).

The English alphabet has six vowel letters: a, e, i, o, u, y (or five if Y is considered a consonant). Y can represent a consonant/semivowel (yes, yard) or a vowel (mystery, try, play). All vowel sounds together form the vowel system.

Essential Elements in Vowel Sound Classification

  • Tongue Position: Front, back, and central vowels.
  • Tongue Height: Close and open vowels.
  • Lip Position: Rounded and unrounded vowels.
  • Spread vowels.
  • Close and open lip-rounding.

The Received... Continue reading "Understanding the English Vowel System: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

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The Life Cycle of Stars

Classified in Geology

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White dwarfs are the stars near the lower left that are small in radius and appear white in color because of their high temperatures. A main-sequence star’s mass determines both its luminosity and its surface temperature. More massive stars live much longer lives because they fuse hydrogen at a much greater rate. Giants and supergiants are stars that are nearing the ends of their lives. White dwarf stars are the cooling embers of stars that have exhausted their nuclear fusion fuel. Stars are born in cold, dense clouds of gas whose pressure cannot resist gravitational contraction. A molecular cloud fragment heats up as gravity makes it contract, producing a protostar at its center. Conservation of angular momentum ensures that protostars rotate... Continue reading "The Life Cycle of Stars" »

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English Consonants

Classified in Geology

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Consonants. In phonetic materials, the noun "consonant" has the following meanings: a consonant sound; a letter representing a consonant sound in writing. Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction (completely or partially) in the mouth for the air flow from the lungs, or the mouth passage is so narrow that the air is expelled with audible friction. There are 20 consonant letters in the English alphabet. They represent 24 consonant sounds.

Consonants are generally classified according to three basic dimensions:

  1. The state of the glottis. This refers to whether or not the vocal cords vibrate in the production of the sound. If the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting sound will be voiced; if they don’t vibrate, the sound will
... Continue reading "English Consonants" »
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