Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geology

Climograma

Un Climograma é un gráfico no que representamos simultaneamente os valores da temperatura media mensual, mediante unha liña, e os de precipitación media mensual, mediante barras verticais, dos doce meses do ano. No eixe vertical esquerdo situaremos as frecuencias de temperatura en oC (Graos Centígrados), tendo en conta se hai temperaturas inferiores a 0oC, pois nese caso haberá que deixar un espazo para representalas. As temperaturas medias mensuais están unidas por unha liña vermella 1.No eixe vertical dereito representaremos as precipitacións (en mm), tendo en conta as proporcións que debemos utilizar en función do total, sabendo que será necesario indicar o dobre do valor empregado no eixe vertical esquerdo. A diferenza... Continue reading "Climograma and Pollution: Environmental Impact in Spain" »

Celestial Mechanics & Timekeeping

Time Definitions and Earth's Motion

• Solar Day: The time from one local noon to the next; Earth rotates slightly more than 360° relative to the Sun.
• Sidereal Day: The time for a distant star to appear in the same position in the sky; approximately 4 minutes shorter than a solar day.
• Earth's Precession: A slow wobble in Earth's rotational axis, completing a cycle approximately every 26,000 years.

Moon Phases, Tides, and Orbit

• First Quarter Moon: Rises around noon, sets around midnight.
• Third Quarter Moon: Rises around midnight, sets around noon.
• Spring Tides: Occur during full and new moons, resulting in the highest tidal range.
• Neap Tides: Occur during first and third quarter moons, resulting in the lowest tidal

The English Vowel System

In phonetics, "vowel" refers to a vowel sound or a letter representing it in writing. Vowels are speech sounds produced without obstructing airflow from the lungs, allowing breath to pass freely through the mouth. Vowels are always voiced (vocal cords vibrate).

The English alphabet has six vowel letters: a, e, i, o, u, y (or five if Y is considered a consonant). Y can represent a consonant/semivowel (yes, yard) or a vowel (mystery, try, play). All vowel sounds together form the vowel system.

Essential Elements in Vowel Sound Classification

• Tongue Position: Front, back, and central vowels.
• Tongue Height: Close and open vowels.
• Lip Position: Rounded and unrounded vowels.
• Spread vowels.
• Close and open lip-rounding.

The Received... Continue reading "Understanding the English Vowel System: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

White dwarfs are the stars near the lower left that are small in radius and appear white in color because of their high temperatures. A main-sequence star’s mass determines both its luminosity and its surface temperature. More massive stars live much longer lives because they fuse hydrogen at a much greater rate. Giants and supergiants are stars that are nearing the ends of their lives. White dwarf stars are the cooling embers of stars that have exhausted their nuclear fusion fuel. Stars are born in cold, dense clouds of gas whose pressure cannot resist gravitational contraction. A molecular cloud fragment heats up as gravity makes it contract, producing a protostar at its center. Conservation of angular momentum ensures that protostars rotate... Continue reading "The Life Cycle of Stars" »

Consonants. In phonetic materials, the noun "consonant" has the following meanings: a consonant sound; a letter representing a consonant sound in writing. Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction (completely or partially) in the mouth for the air flow from the lungs, or the mouth passage is so narrow that the air is expelled with audible friction. There are 20 consonant letters in the English alphabet. They represent 24 consonant sounds.

Consonants are generally classified according to three basic dimensions:

1. The state of the glottis. This refers to whether or not the vocal cords vibrate in the production of the sound. If the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting sound will be voiced; if they don’t vibrate, the sound will

Natural Stone

River Rocks

Smooth and round. Used for decoration and pavements, especially in areas where children play.

Crushed Rocks

Irregular edges provide more friction. Used for paths or roads.

Types of Stone

Limestone

Porous, off-white sedimentary rock. Usually white and may contain animal fossils. Used for sculptures, buildings, and breakwaters.

Marble

Hard, dense metamorphic rock naturally formed from limestone. Cool to the touch and known for its resistance to compression and weather conditions. Available in a variety of colors and has a shiny finish when polished. Used for sculptures, decorations, columns, floors, and kitchen countertops.

Granite

Igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Formed by the crystallization of volcanic magma... Continue reading "Rocks, Stones, and Ceramics: A Comprehensive Look at Construction Materials" »