Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Livestock: Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry provides resources for human use, such as meat, milk, eggs, leather, wool, and honey. The most numerous livestock species are cattle, pigs, and sheep. The agricultural sector has undergone profound changes in the last century. Scientific research has resulted in selected breeds that provide high yields and are resistant to many diseases affecting livestock.

Ranching

Ranching is characteristic of large farms where livestock graze in fields of natural grasslands. It requires minimal investment in labor, facilities, and animal feed. However, productivity is low. The types of livestock are typically cattle and sheep, whose products are intended for sale in developed countries and for self-consumption in... Continue reading "Livestock, Fishing, Aquaculture, and Logging: Sustainable Practices" »

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1.-defined: the raw material: the transformation of natural resources industries. Renewable energy: they are not exhausted, because there is no loss of energy to create. Wind energy wind wind anomalies from the main plume. 2.-traditional enrgi itrri? Development of oil: coal, oil, natural gas, hydrocarbons, consisting of uranium-mineral oil, asphalt and lubricants for engines 3.-black landscape: the old coal factories... Continue reading "Which of the following statements is true?," »

Station Road: Road transport stations are concentrated centers for departures and arrivals of public transport vehicles which meet the regulatory conditions and requirements. Stations can be for passengers and/or goods.

Passenger Stations (Minimum Conditions)

• Access to entrances and exits for vehicles.
• Access for incoming and outgoing travelers, independent of the vehicles.
• A sufficient number of covered docks for simultaneous parking.
• Covered platforms for boarding and disembarking passengers.
• Separate waiting areas from the platforms.
• Sanitation facilities.
• Billing agencies, luggage and ticket sales, and information office.
• Other facilities, according to the characteristics of the services that each station has to meet, determined by the Minister

... Continue reading "Transport Hubs: Stations, Logistics, and Intermodal Terminals" »

Science in Disaster Prevention

Science plays a crucial role in predicting and preventing natural disasters. Specialized scientists utilize advanced tools and data to safeguard communities:

• Meteorologists study weather satellite data to predict heavy rains and flooding expected to occur.
• Seismologists monitor the Earth's movements with electronic instruments to forecast seismic activity.
• Volcanologists prepare and publish volcanic hazard maps and information for inhabitants of volcanic areas.
• Oceanographers have developed sophisticated detection systems for tsunamis, such as those in the Pacific Ocean.

Risk maps are a key tool in urban and environmental planning. They enable authorities to authorize or restrict certain activities based on the varying... Continue reading "Resource Management and Environmental Resilience" »

Housing Essentials: From Concept to Ownership

Basic Housing Needs

• Intimacy: Providing personal space and privacy.
• Hygiene: Facilities for personal cleanliness.
• Food Management: Ability to conserve, store, and cook food.
• Shelter: Protection from the weather and external elements.

Location Considerations

City Center

Characterized by numerous shops, services, and extensive public transport options.

Suburbs

Generally calmer and quieter, closer to nature, but often involve longer commute times.

Optimal Home Orientation

North-Facing Zones

Typically colder and shadier. Ideal for non-primary living areas such as storage pantries, bathrooms, or toilets.

South-Facing Zones

Warmer and brighter, receiving ample natural light. Best suited for primary living areas... Continue reading "Home Essentials: Design, Location, and Financing" »

Transportation and Communication in Spain

Functions of Transport

The growing number of exchanges requires rapid, safe, and affordable transport systems.

1. Offsets: Allows for the separation of population between jobs and residence, for work and leisure purposes.
2. Firm Level: Facilitates the movement of workers, ensures the arrival of raw materials, and the distribution of finished goods. A well-connected producer country with good communication fosters the concentration of economic activities. Developed countries have dense and varied transport and communication networks, well-structured, and normally without isolated areas, although these networks are denser in urban and industrialized areas than in rural areas. Poor countries have incomplete and

... Continue reading "Spain's Transportation and Communication Networks: Analysis and Challenges" »

Structural Problems of Spanish Fisheries

• The working population in fishing numbered 55,700 people in 2002 and is defined by its decline and aging.

• The decline is attributed to the fishing crisis due to depletion of fish stocks, the mechanization of work in large vessels, and the reduction of fishing licenses. The northwest region has more cash.

• Aging affects the majority of the population working in the artisanal fleet.

Spanish Fishing Fleet Problems

• Nowadays, its size is excessive. Until 1977, it grew significantly, favored by the large increase in demand for fish which resulted from improved purchasing power, the low price of fuel, free access to international fishing grounds, and the policy developed at the OECD in 1960, which mainly affected

... Continue reading "Challenges in Spanish Fisheries and Raw Materials" »

Real Population Growth in Spain

The actual growth of the population can be calculated using the formula: Real Growth = Natural Growth (Births - Deaths) + Net Migration (Immigrants - Emigrants). Since the 19th century, Spain's population has increased threefold, but this growth has not been steady. It can be divided into distinct periods:

• Mid-19th to Early 20th Centuries

  The increase was low due to low natural growth, characteristic of the old demographic regime (high birth and mortality rates), and significant overseas emigration.

• 1900-1975 Period

  This period saw high growth, driven by the high natural growth typical of the demographic transition. The increase would have been even greater if not partially constrained by continued mortality from

... Continue reading "Spain's Population Growth and Migration Impact" »

The Survival of the Roman Cultural Legacy in Hispanic Culture

For more than six centuries (from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD), the Iberian Peninsula belonged to the Roman Empire. Hispania was one of the most Romanized provinces and, therefore, has an abundant cultural heritage.

The principal legacy is Latin, the basis of most current languages (Castilian, Catalan, and Galician). Hispania also gave the Empire philosophers like Seneca and writers such as Quintilian and Martial.

In second and third place, we find Roman law (the concept of the state) and Christianity. Although Christianity spread in later dates, it achieved the rank of official religion under Emperor Constantine (313 AD). Indeed, the Church retained Roman law, administrative... Continue reading "Roman Legacy in Hispania and the Discovery of America" »

Cuatro Ciénegas

In the heart of the Chihuahuan Desert, a unique oasis thrives. Cuatro Ciénegas boasts unusual freshwater springs, streams, and wetlands—one of only two desert spring ecosystems of its size in North America. Located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, its unique hydrological system supports a fascinating mix of species found nowhere else.

Ecological Importance Cuatro Ciénegas is a rare sanctuary, teeming with endemic species. Over 75 species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and more than 400 species of cacti exist nowhere else. This desert oasis also supports a variety of bats and migratory birds. Other unique features include gypsum dunes, native grasslands, xerophytic thickets, canyons, and the

... Continue reading "Cuatro Ciénegas: A Unique Desert Oasis" »