Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Item 10: Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land to obtain food for human and animal consumption and raw materials for industry.

Agricultural Continuous Evolution: Very fast change of ownership patterns and land work.

Agricultural Development: In underdeveloped countries, agriculture represents a high percentage of production (80%) due to low-tech and traditional farming, resulting in low productivity. Only 5% of the population is dedicated to agriculture.

Physical Factors of Agriculture

• Weather: Each plant needs a certain humidity and temperature. Plants generally grow between -10ºC and +45ºC.
• Relief: Altitude and slope of terrain condition agricultural activity. Temperature decreases with altitude.
• Soil: Each plant requires specific

Mixed livestock animals combine food and life outdoors and in the barn.

Forestry Practices and Forest Management

Forestry farming is dedicated to harnessing the forest. The higher yields come from species in tropical hardwood forests and temperate regions. Forest types may be wooded or brush-covered. Forestry is the cultivation of forests or mountain areas in order to avoid degradation.

Shifting Cultivation in Tropical Africa

This agricultural practice is located in the equatorial zone and humid tropical climate of Africa. The agricultural landscape is made up of irregular parcels, located around towns, worked with quite primitive techniques and tools. The soil is cultivated continuously for two or three years until exhausted. When this happens,... Continue reading "Primary Economic Activities: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing" »

The European Union: Goals and Achievements

The primary objectives of the European Union (EU) are to ensure peace, prosperity, and freedom for its 498 million citizens in a fairer and more secure Union. Key achievements and results include:

• The ability to travel and trade without the hindrance of borders (the Single Market).
• A single European currency, the Euro.
• Increased food security and a cleaner environment.
• Better living conditions in the poorest regions.
• The Union combating crime and terrorism.
• Cheaper phone calls (roaming regulations).
• Millions of opportunities to study abroad.

Key Institutions of the European Union

To make these objectives possible, EU countries have established institutions that lead and adopt legislation. The principal institutions... Continue reading "European Union Structure, Economy, and Membership Criteria" »

Geography of Population

Geography of Population studies the relationships established between people and space. It is the branch of Human Geography that studies the patterns or spatial structures of demographic phenomena in the human population and the processes of change in the same over time.

Structure

Analyzes the characteristics of a particular population, including the split:

• Sex / Age: We present average age pyramids, horizontal bar graphs representing: the x-axis (absolute figures or percentages of the total population, men and women) and the vertical axis (the different age groups, generally 5 to 5 years).
• Economic Activity: Distinction by economic sectors with the most basic division:
  • Primary: Livestock, agriculture, and fisheries, produce

Key Features of Islamic Architecture

Islamic architecture can be distinguished by several key characteristics:

• Buildings are often regularly sized.
• Brick and wood were the most commonly used building materials.
• Vaults and domes are frequently used, including ribbed vaults, honeycomb (muqarnas), and fluted domes.
• Pillars and columns serve as supporting elements.
• Various arch types are employed, such as the horseshoe, semicircular (half-point), pointed, and polylobed arches.
• Interiors typically feature rich decoration, often contrasting with simpler exteriors.

Islamic architecture can be broadly divided into religious and civil categories.

Islamic Religious Architecture

In religious architecture, the most important building is the mosque, a place created... Continue reading "Distinctive Elements of Islamic Architecture" »

Early Spanish Industrialization

The exploitation and trade of iron and coal from Biscay and Asturias eventually led to the development of the steel and mechanical industries. Concurrently, the cotton textile industry developed in Barcelona, alongside the wool industry in Sabadell, Terrassa, and Béjar.

Autarky and INI (1939-1959)

This period saw the imposition of a policy of autarky, which emphasized self-sufficiency and minimizing trade with foreign countries. The Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI) was created during this time.

Key Export Sectors During Autarky:

• Consumer Goods: Footwear, leather, cork, furniture, paper, and publishing.
• Basic Industries: Rubber, machinery, mining, and shipbuilding.

Regional Industry in 1975

Different regions developed... Continue reading "Spanish Industrial History and Regional Development" »

T14 5.1 Workforce

The workforce consists of the active population, including employed adults and those unemployed or seeking their first job. In Spain, this represents the active population, but only about 58% of the total population.

Employed active population accounts for over 58% of the total population.

Three Main Sectors:

1. Primary Sector: Employs a small percentage of the workforce (4.8%) and continues to decline.
2. Secondary Sector: While it created jobs, the workforce has decreased (29.6%). Some administrative roles have moved to other countries.
3. Tertiary Sector: Employs a large portion of the Spanish population and has diversified in recent years.

Unemployment rates in Spain are high due to a greater demand for work than job creation. In 1994,... Continue reading "Understanding Spain's Workforce, Immigration, and Murcia's Population" »

Columbus's Atlantic Crossing Proposal

Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a westward voyage across the Atlantic to reach the Spice Islands, aiming to bypass the traditional eastern routes around Africa.

Columbus's Voyages to the Americas

First Voyage: Reaching the New World (1492)

The first expedition, consisting of the flagship Santa Maria and two caravels, the Pinta and the La Niña, departed from the port of Palos de la Frontera. After a stopover in the Canary Islands, the ships crossed the Atlantic, sighting land on October 12, 1492. This was the small island of Guanahani in the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador.

Later Expeditions by Columbus

The success of the first voyage led to the swift preparation of subsequent expeditions:... Continue reading "Columbus's Voyages: Dawn of a New World Era" »

Pre-Industrial City Characteristics

• Its shape was compact, characterized by a small core.
• Movement relied on walking or cavalry.
• Streets were narrow and winding, often lined with walls.
• Buildings were typically low in height.
• Streets often specialized in the sale of certain products (commercial specialization).
• The nerve center of the city was usually established around a central square.

The City in the Nineteenth Century

Impact of the First Industrial Revolution

• Introduction of trams and trains; generalization of lifts allowing for higher buildings.
• Demolition of city walls.
• Extension of the city in a sprawling form; the transport network became radial.
• The center concentrated economic activities, excluding industry, which was located in the suburbs.
• Roads

Great Britain in the 18th Century: Foundations of Industrial Change

In the mid-18th century in Britain, various circumstances arose that would transform the global production system:

• Performance-enhancing agriculture: Increased food production supported a growing population.
• Demographic growth: Created greater demand for products.
• Expansion of commerce: Great Britain dominated international trade.
• Technological advances: Began to be applied to manufacturing.
• Cost-effective production: Products were developed for retail merchants at lower costs.
• Concentration of production: Rural workshops tended to concentrate to control output.
• Capital investment: Farmers and traders, seeing profit, invested their capital.
• Bourgeois political influence: The rising