Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

C Diputación Special

There are certain territories that have characteristics at the provincial level:

1. With the CA one province: In the CCAA, there is no deputation; the CA performs the functions. This applies to Madrid, Murcia, La Rioja, and Cantabria.
2. The Basque Country and Navarra: In the case of Navarra, as a territory with jurisdictions (independence), there is a Board Member of Navarre. The Basque Country, as jurisdictions, has changed the names. Each province has one President (Deputy Government of Vizcaya, and Alava Guipúzcoa) and one province in parliament (Joint Government of Vizcaya, and Alava Guipúzcoa).
3. The Balearic and Canary Islands:

• A. The Balearic Islands: It is one province, but each island has a different treatment. Each island

The Formation of the Christian Kingdoms

The Pyrenean counties: Charlemagne, aiming to protect his empire from the Muslims, established a frontier zone known as the Marca Hispanica. This region was divided into counties, governed by counts who were answerable to the emperor. At the beginning of the 9th century, Navarrese and Aragonese counts from Jaca declared their independence. The Hispano-Visigoths established the County of Aragon around 817, and the Kingdom of Pamplona was also founded. Borrell II refused to renew the oath of allegiance to the Frankish king, leading to the effective independence of the Catalan counties.

Consolidation of the Kingdoms

Ferdinand I united the kingdoms of León and Castile. However, upon his death in 1065, they... Continue reading "Medieval Spain: Christian Kingdoms' Rise and Fall (9th-15th Centuries)" »

When the Muslims entered the Iberian Peninsula, it was fully occupied with the exception of the territories situated to the north in the Cantabrian Mountains. These remained under Christian rule. The Reconquista acquired great momentum and culminated in 1492 with the surrender of the last Moorish king, Boabdil of Granada, at the hands of the Catholic Monarchs.

Factors Contributing to the Reconquista

• Population Growth: Occurred in the Christian nuclei, largely due to the arrival of Mozarabs from the territories occupied by Muslims.
• New Military Tactics: Development and adoption of effective military strategies.
• Crusading Mentality: Christian monarchs considered themselves heirs to the Visigothic kings, with the right and duty to recover their former

State Intervention and Industrialization

Outside Britain, industrialization was encouraged by state intervention through protectionist economic policies. These policies imposed tariffs and customs duties, which made importation and exportation more difficult. The state carried out activities to promote railways, creating appropriate legislation to encourage mergers.

Transformation in Financing Companies

British industrialization developed thanks to entrepreneurs who invested in their businesses. However, in Europe and the USA, financing methods included:

• Banks investing in companies.
• The company limited by shares.
• Mergers, trusts, and cartels.

Trusts and Cartels

Trusts and cartels are business alliances that prevent competition and reap benefits by... Continue reading "Industrialization Beyond Britain: State, Finance, and Management" »

Energy Use in Trophic Levels

At each level, a portion of the energy is used for growth, some for metabolic processes, and some is lost through respiration as heat and is not reused.

Energy Transfer to Higher Levels

The energy that accumulates in organic matter can pass to the next trophic level. Therefore, the amount of energy that passes from one trophic level to the next diminishes.

Ecosystem Balance: An Ideal State?

For an ecosystem to be balanced:

• Environmental factors must be stable.
• The number of individuals must be relatively constant.
• External factors should not drastically change the ecosystem.

The balance in an ecosystem is an ideal state!

Early vs. Mature Ecosystems

Early Stage:

• Low species diversity and structural complexity.
• Low biomass.
• Low

Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

On Earth, there are terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Both share the following characteristics:

• Solar energy is essential for the development of life.
• They have the same trophic levels: producers, consumers, and decomposers.
• Matter and energy flow continuously.
• Living creatures adapt to their environment.

Differences Between Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems

• In aquatic environments, nutrients and gases are dissolved in water.
• Temperature changes are minimal in aquatic environments.
• Light is a limiting factor for production in aquatic environments because there is little light below 100 meters in depth.
• Pressure has a greater effect in aquatic environments.

Formation of Terrestrial Ecosystems

Ecological succession refers... Continue reading "Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems: Formation, Biomes, and Biodiversity" »

Domestic and Foreign Trade

1.1 Characteristics and Transformations

Internal trade, involving over three million people, has undergone profound changes in supply and demand, often described as a "commercial revolution."

a) Changes in Demand

Increased purchasing power due to higher family incomes, diversification of clientele, dispersion of consumers, and declining purchase frequency, driven by the pace of modern life, have all impacted demand.

b) Changes in Commerce

The increasing diversification of products to reach more consumers, the spread of new distribution methods, and the utilization of new technologies that improve commercial equipment and facilitate payment have transformed commerce.

1.2 Types of Domestic Trade

1.2.1 Wholesale Trade

Wholesalers... Continue reading "Domestic and Foreign Trade: Characteristics, Types, and Policies" »

The Context of the Romanesque

In the ninth century, a new state, Asturias, began to consolidate, developing a new art form distinct from the Carolingian world to the northeast and the Islamic influence to the south. This accumulation of artistic experiences across space and time often falls under a generic label.

Related Topics:

• Arts
• Art History

Somalia

Somalia's economy relies heavily on livestock such as goats, sheep, and camels. Industries are limited, including food processing, cement factories, and an oil refinery. A brief overview of its history:

• 14th Century: An Islamic state was founded.
• 17th Century: The country fragmented into small tribes.
• 19th Century: British colonization began in 1884.

Millions of Somalis struggle for survival in this... Continue reading "Exploring the History and Geography of the Islamic World" »

Growth of Peripheral Neighborhoods

New neighborhoods emerging on the outskirts of cities often lack essential infrastructure like sanitation, electricity, and water. These rapidly developing areas, sometimes illegally established, are known as barrios de autoconstrucción. Neighborhood associations formed to demand improvements, gradually transforming these settlements into towns and, eventually, contributing to the expansion of metropolitan areas.

The Rise of the Automobile

The rapid urban growth necessitated faster transportation, leading to the car's prominence. This unplanned expansion continued until the end of the 1970s.

The Post-Industrial City

Post-industrial Spain is marked by the dominance of Madrid and Barcelona, two extensive metropolitan... Continue reading "Evolution of Spanish Cities: From Periphery to Global Hubs" »