Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Natural Resource Mining & Exploitation

The exploitation of natural resources involves various technologies, costs, and often unprofitable markets.

Types of Mining Activity

• Surface Mining: Includes mines and quarries.
• Underground Mining: Extraction from beneath the Earth's surface.
• Underwater Mining: Utilizes dredgers for resource recovery.
• Drilling Wells: For liquid and gaseous resources.

Modern Mining Challenges

Today's mining activities face significant problems, including environmental degradation, excessive resource extraction, and social conflicts.

Energy Sources: History & Classification

Evolution of Energy Use

The history of energy consumption has progressed through various stages:

• Coal: A foundational energy source.
• Electricity, Oil, and

Animal Farm by George Orwell (1945)

The passage I will analyze is from the fictional novel Animal Farm, written by George Orwell in 1945. This novel represents the totalitarian regime used by the Soviet Union in the 1920s, where socialist ideas of equality were manipulated to maintain power. It is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and the Communist Soviet Union; consequently, many of the animals in the novel can be directly linked to important figures and institutions of the Soviet Union. Orwell uses this allegorical form to express his opinions about the events and people involved in this period of history.

Key Literary Elements

Themes

• Totalitarianism
• Revolution
• Class Warfare
• Language as Power
• The Soviet Union

Symbols

• The Commandments
• Character Names
• The

Demography in Public Health and Medicine: Global Population Issues

Defining Demography

Demography is the statistical study of human populations based on: size, density, distribution, and vital statistics.

Importance and Application of Demographic Data

Demographic data provides essential information used for:

• Health service planning and health care provision.
• Scientific and medical research.
• Analysis of health status and population state.

Populations change through three fundamental processes:

• Fertility (births)
• Mortality (deaths)
• Migration (movement)

Methods of Data Collection

Demographic data is collected using both direct and indirect methods.

• Direct Methods:

  Data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths, as well as certain

Economic Sectors

Economic activities can be categorized into three main sectors: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Let's explore each sector in detail:

1. Primary Sector

The primary sector involves the extraction and production of raw materials from the earth. This sector forms the foundation for all other economic activities. Examples of primary sector activities include:

• Farming
• Fishing
• Forestry
• Mining

2. Secondary Sector

The secondary sector encompasses activities that transform raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods. This sector is closely associated with industrial activity. Examples of secondary sector activities include:

• Manufacturing sugar from sugarcane
• Producing bricks from earth for construction

3. Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector,... Continue reading "Understanding Economic Sectors: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary" »

Tourism poses a serious threat to the environment. Tourism is defined as the activities that people do during their trips in places other than the ones they live. Tourism activities have negative economic, socio-cultural, and ecological consequences.

Negative Effects of Tourism

• Less work affecting the economy of its citizens
• Social discrimination
• Pollution
• Wastewater treatment
• Waste management
• Resource depletion
• Soil erosion due to the impact of visitors
• Deterioration and destruction of the local fauna and flora

Positive Effects of Tourism

On the other hand, tourism brings the improvement of health care, greater tolerance and well-being, and the rehabilitation of monuments, buildings, and historical places.

Sustainable Tourism

All countries should work... Continue reading "The Environmental Impact of Tourism: Negative Effects and Sustainable Solutions" »

Globalization

Markets and companies tend to spread around the world, reaching a dimension that overtakes the national borders, and that is globalization. It is achieved through the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge, and culture. Due to technology and its advances, communications, science, transports, and industry, globalization has grown faster in the last few years.

According to the World Bank, it is important to know that economic globalization is not a new tendency, but it has always existed in the history of humanity. In fact, what we currently know as developed countries was formed at the end of the nineteenth century.

According to the World Bank, the international economic integration pace sped up in the 80s and 90s decades,... Continue reading "Understanding Globalization: Impact, History, and Future" »

Total Costs/SMH = (Fixed Costs) + (Variable Costs * UT%) + (Labor Cost)

Globalization and Emergent Economies

Defining Emergent Economies

Throughout human history, different countries have led the world economy and politics due to their power over other nations. There have always been significant differences between developed and developing states. In the middle, there is a group of nations called emergent economies. This term is used because they are not yet at the same level as the richest countries, but their future expectations appear inspiring.

Emergent Economies in the Global Market

At present, global society is organized within a free market system governed by the law of supply and demand. This means that any country or company is allowed to buy and sell goods to other states, aiming to earn more money. Some... Continue reading "The Rise of Emergent Economies in the Global Landscape" »