Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Absolutism and the Decline of Feudalism in Europe

1. Absolutism and Parliament

• Absolutism: The king has all the power in society.
• Parliament: The king does not have all the power; the people have a say in government.

2. Economic Changes

2.1 Agriculture

• Agriculture became less productive.
• The land became less fertile due to frosts, heavy rain, and droughts.
• Demand for agricultural products decreased.

2.2 Craft Production

• Craft production continued to be regulated by associations called guilds.
• The domestic system allowed for cheaper products to be produced more efficiently.

2.3 Trade

• Spain, Portugal, Italy, England, and the United Provinces became important trading nations.

2.4 Taxes

• Ordinary people were taxed to pay for the military and luxuries of the court.

Ancient India: Geography and Early Settlements

In northern India, the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus rivers carry rich silt from the mountains to the plains. India’s early settlers farmed and later built walled settlements in these fertile river valleys, marking the beginning of civilization in India.

In some parts of the Deccan Plateau in southern India, rich black soil is ideal for growing cotton.

The Eastern and Western Ghats are located near India’s coasts. The Western Ghats are notably higher and wetter than their eastern counterparts. Along India’s northern border lie the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world. The Hindu Kush range, running through present-day Pakistan, provides crucial access to the Indian subcontinent via... Continue reading "Ancient India: Geography, Empires, and Cultural Milestones" »

Fertility

The number of live births per 1000 women aged between 15-49.

Mortality

The mortality in a particular place or situation is the number of people who die.

Demography

The study of population statistics.

Life Expectancy

The average period that a person is expected to live.

Density

A measure of the amount of information on a storage medium.

Migration

Seasonal movement of people from one region to another.

Population

All the inhabitants of a particular place.

One Child Policy

An official program initiated in the late 1970s and early '80s by the central government of China, the purpose of which was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each. The rationale for implementing the policy was to reduce the growth rate of China'... Continue reading "Fertility, Mortality, Demography, and Population: Key Concepts Explained" »

The Spanish Housing Bubble (1997-2006)

The housing bubble occurred in Spain during the decade from 1997 to 2006. During this period, housing prices effectively doubled. Property prices grew significantly faster than the prices of other goods.

According to Gandoy, in comparison with the European Union, construction achieved significant importance in Spain. This housing expansion formed the basis of the economic growth model, driven by demographic growth resulting from immigration and the demand for secondary residences from both national investors and other Europeans. Housing demand rose thanks to easy credit availability stemming from lower interest rates. Prices were further accelerated by the supply of buildings driven by speculation, which... Continue reading "Spanish Housing Bubble: Causes and Consequences" »

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1910)

Rapid Industrialization and Finance Capitalism

The period between 1870 and 1910 witnessed rapid industrialization fueled by the rise of the financial sector. This involved investment activities through banks and stock exchanges, creating capital without direct product manufacturing.

Innovations and Changes

Increased Production

• New Sources of Finance:
  • Joint-stock company: Individuals contribute capital, buy shares, and receive/lose profits proportionally.
  • Bank: Lent money to businesses with interest.
  • Stock exchange: Marketplace for buying and selling company shares.
• New Business Structures:
  • Cartels: Horizontal associations of companies in the same industry, collectively deciding production and prices.
  • Trusts: Vertical

Spain’s Population Changes

Spain’s population has changed in the past due to economic activities, use of the land and the history of the inhabitants. It is a country of contrasts where areas are highly populated as the service, industrial and coastal zones, or less populated like mountainous or arable areas.

Before 19th Century

It is difficult to know Spain's exact population before the first census, but we can estimate it thanks to the historical events that affected the society: the Black Death and poor harvests from the 14th century, the emigration waves to America in the 16th century or the smallpox epidemic from 1785.

Since 19th Century

Since the 19th century, the advances brought by the Industrial Revolution caused a continuous population... Continue reading "Population Changes in Spain: Historical Overview and Current Challenges" »

Legal Terminology

History of Migration

• The first migration was in 1550 of the slave trade from African coasts.
• The second was after the Second World War.

History of Citizenship

• It started in Ancient Greece, where those who had legal rights were considered citizens.

Citizenship and Nationality

• It is a bond between an individual and the state.
• It is the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights.
• It is a particular legal bond.

Ideal

• It is a legal-political relationship linking a person to a state, which is a legal bond because it determines certain rights and obligations.

Types of Nationality

• By law
• By naturalization
• By dependency

Emigration

• A movement of an individual or group of people from one place to another. It could be internal or

Historical Evolution of Energy Sources

• 18th Century: Wood
• 19th Century: Coal, Electricity, Oil, and Gas
• 20th Century: Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energies (from 1973)

Key Energy Terminology Defined

Conventional Fuels:

Fuels that are not easily obtained or are traditional sources.

Primary Energy:

Energy sources obtained directly from nature.

Fossil Fuels:

Formed by the decomposing remains of vegetation in shallow water over millions of years.

Secondary Energy:

Energies produced from a primary source (e.g., electricity from coal).

Renewable Energies:

Sources that cannot be used up or can recover naturally over time (e.g., solar, wind).

Non-Renewable Energies:

Exist in limited amounts and cannot be easily replaced within a human timescale.

Alternative Energies:

Energy

Dream Holidays:

A) Safari: The Masai Mara, Kenya: The Masai Mara must be the most spectacular wildlife pageant on earth. Each year, when the rainy season ends in May, hundreds of thousands of wildebeests mass together. They move in search of greener pastures from the Serengeti in Tanzania north of the wide open grasslands of Kenya´s Masai Mara. Along with migrating herds of zebra, antelope and gazelle, there are sometimes more than a million animals on the move at one time. You can follow their journey on a horseback safari. Riding through the unspoiled Lolita Hills and the great Rolling plains of the Mara, you´ll pass through the manyattas (villages) of the nomadic Masai people who protect the animals they believe to be god's cattle. Some... Continue reading "Top 4 Unique Holiday Destinations Around the World" »