Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Oil and Natural Gas

Oil and natural gas are non-renewable fossil fuels formed by decomposition. This process has not stopped. Deposits of natural gas and oil are often found in the same place.

The biggest oil reserves are in the Persian Gulf, Venezuela, and Canada. Gas reserves are more diversified. Demand for oil has tripled in the last fifty years. The United States is the biggest consumer, followed by China and Japan. The consumption of natural gas has increased since the oil crisis of 1973.

Environmental Damage

This is mainly linked to oil, which causes atmospheric pollution and oil spills.

Dependence

On the energy-producing countries. This makes industrial countries vulnerable to sudden price increases.

Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the... Continue reading "Global Energy Sources and Industrial Powers" »

Key Concepts in Settlement Geography

Types of Settlements and Patterns

Rural Settlement Definitions

• Rural Settlement: A type of settlement where people live in villages or in isolated houses in the countryside.
• Hamlet (Aldea): A rural settlement, smaller than a village, with fewer inhabitants.
• Caserío: An isolated rural home or farm with additional buildings, typically surrounded by fields of crops.
• Nucleated Settlement: A settlement pattern where the population lives concentrated in villages.
• Nucleated Village: A village in which houses are built around a central point (e.g., a square).
• Linear Village: A village in which houses are situated on both sides of a transport link.
• Dispersed Settlement: A settlement pattern where the population lives in

World Population

The total number of people living on earth. This figure reached 7 billion in 2012.

Population History

1. Increased slowly before 18^th century. Black death interrupted it.
2. 18^th - 19^th century: contemporary age. Population grew in Europe and North America, improved agriculture.
3. 20^th century: contemporary age.
4. Now.
5. Future.

Population Density

Total population/area km. Average population density: 50 inhabitants per km².

Population Distribution

Uneven due to physical and human factors.

• Physical: Some types of natural environment usually have high population. Favourable conditions include abundant water, a temperate climate, low fertile land, and mineral resources. On the other hand, regions with little water or extreme temperatures are less densely

Defining Developed and Developing Countries

Developed countries experience relatively high economic growth and security, often measured by GDP and industrialization. Examples include the United States, Canada, Japan, and most European nations.

Developing countries lack the same level of economic growth and security. Many African, Asian, and South American countries fall into this category.

Globalization and its Effects

Globalization connects countries, facilitates cultural exchange, enables global production, and expands job opportunities. It involves the free transfer of capital, goods, and services across borders.

Advantages of Globalization

• Spreads technology
• Increases corporate profitability
• Promotes cultural exchange
• Expands markets for goods

VOCABULARY

UNIT 1

• Technological park
• Global warming
• Outskirts of the city
• Rainforests
• Young people
• Glaciers
• Pedestrianised area
• Sea ice
• Quality of life
• Sea levels
• New Projects
• Coral reefs
• Temperature
• Drought
• Extreme weather

UNIT 2

• Gateways
• Bottle
• Box
• Tin
• Carton
• Jar
• Packet
• Pot
• Tube
• Aluminium
• Cardboard
• Glass
• Metal
• Paper
• Plastic

UNIT 3

• International hub
• Specialised pole
• Regional pole
• Established capitals
• Re-invented capitals
• Knowledge hubs
• Profit
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Famine
• War social situation
• Common sense
• Writing lines
• Detention
• Exclusion
• Swearing
• Suspension
• Hitting
• Not doing homework
• Bullying

A habit

Skill

A reminder

To delete

Terrible

To divide

A backup

Population Dynamics

Key Population Concepts

Population: The number of people inhabiting a particular place, influenced by physical environment, settlement patterns, economic activities, and history.

Population Density: The total number of inhabitants in a territory (absolute population) divided by the area it occupies in square kilometers.

Natality: The number of births in a population over a year.

Mortality: The number of deaths in a population over a year.

Birth Rate: The ratio of live births in a year to the average total population of that year.

Death Rate: The ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a specific period.

Life Expectancy: The average period a person may expect to live.

Migratory Change: Population movements to... Continue reading "Understanding Population Dynamics: Distribution, Growth, and Composition" »

What is the Primary Sector? The primary sector is concerned with the extraction of raw materials. Which Activities Are Part of the Primary Sector? These include fishing, farming, and mining. Differences in the Primary Sector Across Countries In developed countries, between 1% and 6% of the active population works in the primary sector. In developing countries, about 50% of the population is involved, while in underdeveloped countries, around 80% of the active population works in this sector. Definition of Arable and Pastoral Farming Arable: Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops. Pastoral: Fields that could be used for livestock but not farmland. Factors that affect farming include population size, which leads to larger areas... Continue reading "Understanding the Primary Sector: Key Activities and Impacts" »

2 Core Elements of industrial activitie (I). Raw materials

2.1. Industrial raw materials

According To their origin they can be classified as plant animal or geological matter.

-Plant sourced Raw materias; They are obtained from agriculture and silviculture.

-Animal Sourced raw materials; They are provide by livestock farming also from the Fishing industrie.

-Geological Raw materials; they are extracted from the Earth´s crust, Minerals from which Metals can be obtained and non-metalic materials, minerals represent the Largest quantity and variety of industrial raw materials. Rocks suchs as Granite, which are used directly or for manufacturing construction materials. Energy products, such as coal, crude oil, natural gas and uranium from which Energy

Britain's Industrial Revolution: Why First?

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century due to several converging factors:

• A political system where the power of the monarchy had been limited by Parliament since the 17th century.
• Significant population growth, which led to a rise in demand for goods and services.
• An abundance of natural resources and raw materials, including coal and iron.
• An extensive transport network of rivers and canals, facilitating trade and movement of goods.
• A vast colonial empire that provided easy access to raw materials and new markets.

Impact of the Enclosure Acts

A series of laws known as the Enclosure Acts were passed by the British Parliament to authorize the consolidation of scattered landholdings... Continue reading "Britain's Industrial Revolution: Key Drivers & Impacts" »