Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

The Industrial Revolution

Causes

• Population Growth: Living conditions improved due to advances in nutrition, hygiene, and medicine.
• Agricultural Improvements: Land increased agricultural production because it created larger farms. New machinery was introduced.
• Increased Trade: Great Britain's dominance of maritime trade led to transatlantic commerce.
• Technological Progress: New machinery was established in factories to produce goods more quickly.
• Financial Support From Agriculture And Trade: Agriculture and commercial activities provided capital that could be invested in industry.
• Favorable Political And Social Structure: The Bourgeoisie was allowed to promote measures that advanced its economic interest.

Key Elements for Industrialization

• Textile Industry:

Top Energy-Producing Countries in Africa

In Africa, there is a diverse range of energy sources and production capabilities. Several countries play a significant role in meeting the continent's energy needs and driving economic development:

• Natural Gas

  • Algeria

    Algeria is the largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Nigeria

    Nigeria is the second-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to other parts of Africa and Europe.

  • Egypt

    Egypt is the third-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Libya

    Libya is the fourth-largest producer of natural gas in Africa, exporting to Europe and other parts of Africa.

  • Mozambique

    Mozambique is the fifth-largest producer

Feudal Society

1. The Three Estates

Feudal society was organized into three distinct social groups, known as the Three Estates. These groups were largely closed, making it difficult for individuals to change their social status.

Nobles: Bellatores

Nobility was determined by birth, and knights dedicated their lives to warfare. The nobility was further divided into two categories:

• High Nobility: This group held significant power and influence, shaping the decisions of the kingdom.
• Low and Middle Nobility: This group consisted of knights and lords with fewer possessions compared to the high nobility.

Nobles resided in castles and had the authority to assemble their own armies.

Feudal Castles

Castles served as residences for lords, their families, knights,... Continue reading "Feudal Society: The Three Estates & Feudal Economy" »

TYPE OF TEXT: Primary Source

As regards the form, it's a law - legal text/terms. For content - economic text.

AUTHOR

Liberal Progressive Government, at the proposal of the Ministry of Development + approved by Cortes + Isabel II (Queen)

ADDRESSEE

All the Spaniards, so it is a public text.

Introduction

OBJECTIVE

Attract foreign capital to boost the construction of the railway in Spain.

LOCATION + DATE

Aranjuez, published in “”/Located in the process of “Vicalvarada” to Progressive Biennium 1854-56

Main Idea

Boost the construction of the railway in Spain + the need to attract foreign capital.

Introduction

The law - approved in Cortes is ratified by Isabel II, Queen of Spain.

Articles

Their object is to regulate the general service of the rail network.... Continue reading "The 1855 Spanish Railway Law: Boosting Construction and Attracting Foreign Capital" »

The Consequences of the Revolution

1.3 The consequences of the revolution. The USSR. Lenin's government (1921-1924). Lenin held all the political power. In 1922, he created a political organization called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), made up of Russia and other Asian republics. It was organized as a federal state and adopted a New Economic Policy (NEP), which combined communist and capitalist policies. Thanks to this policy, the Soviet economy made a recovery.

• Stalin's government (1927-1953). Lenin's successor began a new era, called 'Stalinism'. A totalitarian political system was established which used state violence to purge society of his opponents. The economy became controlled by the state. Land was collectively owned... Continue reading "The Consequences of the Revolution and the Roaring Twenties" »

Commercial Fishing

The aim of this modern form of fishing is the large-scale sale of the catch. It is common in developed countries. In commercial fishing, there are also different techniques for catching the fish. Two are especially worth noting: trawling and electrofishing with suction.

DISTANCE TO THE COAST

Coastal fishing:This is done in large bodies of fresh water or in the ocean near the coast. Boats go out for one or two days. They are small and use nets and paternoster lines, long fishing lines with several branches ending in a hook. This type of fishing does not employ a lot of technology.

Deep-sea fishing: This is done exclusively in the open sea by fleets equipped with sonar and radar to detect shoals of fish. The ships are very large

They were sustainable because of the continuous floods of immigrants. As it stopped, working conditions had to be improved.

There were jobs available for black people as a consequence of the huge demand for American products.

There was a movement of black people from the South to the North which received the name of Great Internal Migration and it had a sociological, demographic and cultural effect. They went to industrial centres such as Chicago, New York etc. They took their music with them.

The Roaring Twenties (Jazz Age)

The music of the period is the consequence of the Great Internal Migration.

People were tired from war and wanting to enjoy life. It was a period of music.

It had some negative aspects:

• Red Scare: the Soviet Revolution made American

Understanding Economic Activity: Concepts and Classifications

Economic activities encompass all processes used to obtain the goods and services that people need.

Phases of Economic Activity

• Production: The creation of goods and services.
• Distribution: The process of making goods and services available to consumers.
• Consumption: The use of goods and services by individuals and organizations.

Key Economic Sectors

Economic activities are broadly grouped into three main sectors:

• Primary Sector: Activities that obtain food and raw materials directly from the natural environment (e.g., agriculture, mining, fishing).
• Secondary Sector: Economic activities that transform raw materials into finished products (e.g., manufacturing, construction).
• Tertiary Sector: