Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Hot Climate Biomes

Equatorial Rainforest

• Climate: Equatorial.
• Vegetation: Dense forest of tall evergreen trees. Other plants grow around the trees.
• Soil: Its quality is poor.
• Fauna: Extremely varied.

Savannah

• Climate: Humid tropical climate.
• Vegetation: Very tall grass in the rainy season that dries up in the dry season. Trees include acacias or baobabs.
• Soil: More fertile than tropical forest soil.
• Fauna: Elephants, zebras, lions, etc.

Tropical Rainforest

• Climate: Humid tropical climate.
• Vegetation: Trees are lower than in the equatorial rainforest. There is more vegetation on the ground because more light reaches the plants.
• Soil: More fertile.
• Fauna: Monkeys, leopards, birds, etc.

Hot Desert

• Climate: Hot desert climate.
• Vegetation: Widely spaced grass, cactus,

Back to Africa: Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana

Sierra Leone

In 1787, British philanthropists founded the "Province of Freedom," which later became Freetown, a British crown colony and the principal base for the suppression of the slave trade.

By 1855, over 50,000 freed slaves had been settled in Freetown. Known as the Krios, the repatriated settlers of Freetown live today in a multi-ethnic country. Though English is the official language, Krio is widely spoken throughout the country.

Liberia

In 1816, the American Colonization Society (ACS) was established to satisfy two opposing groups in America: abolitionists and slave owners who wanted to expel free blacks from America. In 1822, the ACS founded a settlement at Mesurado Bay.

In 1847, the legislature... Continue reading "Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana: West African History" »

TERTIARY SECTOR

The Growth of the Service Sector

The service sector encompasses a wide range of activities, including education, tourism, and more. In developed countries, it contributes significantly to both employment and wealth generation. The number of people employed in this sector has also increased in less developed countries. Developments such as globalization, economic changes, and increased trade have led many to speak of a "tertiary revolution."

The High-End Tertiary or Quaternary Sector

This sector includes activities related to technology and science, often requiring specialized training and offering high salaries.

The Low-End Tertiary Sector

This sector encompasses jobs that require minimal training and typically offer lower wages.... Continue reading "Understanding the Tertiary Sector: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the relationship between Posidonia and Caulerpa?
2. Which factors influence human impact on the environment?
3. Which are the main threats to the environment?
4. How do we prevent environmental degradation? (Draw a mind map for the next session)

1. What’s an Ecological Footprint?

The idea of an ecological footprint is basically a measure of how much area is needed to support our lifestyles, how much land is needed to produce all the things we consume, and what is needed to clean up our waste.

Act.3. International Agreements on the Environment

a) Numerous international agreements have been signed aimed at protecting the environment, including agreements to combat climate change; protect the Earth´s ozone layer, manage... Continue reading "Environmental Sustainability: Threats, Impact, and Solutions" »

Gothic Novel — 4.1.1 The Historical Context

Origins of the Term and Early Interpretations

• The word gothic derives from the Goths, one of several Germanic tribes that contributed to the demise of the Roman Empire in the 4th century.
• Historians regarded the Goths generically as all Germans, including the Anglo-Saxons who settled in the British Isles.
• From this position later historians came to proclaim a native gothic tradition within British culture opposed to foreign imperialism as epitomised by the Norman invasion of 1066.
• In the 18th century this interpretation of history found adepts among those who saw authoritarian monarchy as anachronistic.
• The Goths were thus seen as lovers of freedom, whose celebration in turn invited greater contemporary

Understanding Economic Fundamentals

Economic activity refers to the processes undertaken by humans to acquire goods (products and services) that satisfy consumer needs.

Key Economic Agents

Economic agents are entities that play a crucial role in transforming factors of production into goods and services. They include:

• People and families: They are consumers who spend money. They can also generate products when running a business and pay taxes to the state.
• Companies: These can be private or state-owned. They generate goods and services, create jobs, and pay taxes.
• The State: It offers services to people and companies, financed by collecting taxes. Essential services include administration, defense and security, education, healthcare, unemployment

Humans Along with Living Organisms Form a Complex Web of Ecological System

Humans along with other living organisms form a complex web of ecological systems in which we are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our own existence. For example, plants, animals, and micro-organisms recreate the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the soil that produces our food without which we cannot survive. Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they are also the primary producers on which all other living beings depend. Biodiversity or biological diversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies.

Travel and Tourism Definitions

Understanding common terms in the travel and tourism industry:

• Trip

  A journey in which you visit a place for a short time and return.

• Journey

  An act of traveling from one place to another.

• Tourism

  The activity of people traveling to different places for enjoyment.

• Traveler

  A person who travels or who often travels.

• Tourist

  A person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure.

• Tour

  A journey for pleasure in which several different places are visited.

• Vacation

  A period of rest taken as a holiday, for a short or long time.

• Hotel

  An establishment providing accommodation, meals, and other services for travelers and tourists.

• Taxation

  When a government or taxing authority imposes or levies a tax.

Understanding Migration Dynamics

Effects

8

Nature and Consequences of the Green Revolution

Q1: Critically discuss the nature and the consequences of the Green Revolution in the Indian economy.

Answer: After India's independence, to improve productivity in Indian agriculture, the government selected a district for the introduction of new technology under the Intensive Area Development Program (IADP).

Again, in 1965, this project was extended to 114 districts of India under the name of the Intensive Agriculture Areas Program (IAAP). The adaptation of this technology is considered the Green Revolution in Indian agriculture.

Technological Characteristics of the Green Revolution

The technological characteristics of the Green Revolution are:

• High Yielding Variety Seeds (HYV): The Green Revolution

Technological Progress: The invention of new machines enabled factories to produce goods more quickly and cheaply. Decreased prices benefited consumers. The invention of the steam engine was particularly important, revolutionizing many sectors of the economy.

Favorable Political and Social Structure: Great Britain's parliamentary monarchy allowed the bourgeoisie to participate in government and political decision-making. This social group promoted measures that advanced its economic interests.

Textile Industry: Technological innovations in spinning and weaving machines increased production.

Iron and Steel Production: New machines led to better quality and lower prices.

Transport: The steam engine revolutionized communications through its application... Continue reading "The Industrial Revolution: Causes, Impact, and Social Changes" »