Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Geography

Causes of Deforestation

• Procuring land for cultivation
• Building houses and factories
• Making furniture, using wood as fuel
• Natural causes such as forest fires and droughts

Effects of Deforestation

• Increase in atmospheric temperature due to increased carbon dioxide concentration, leading to global warming
• Severe droughts and floods
• Changes in soil nature, water holding capacity, and soil erosion, leading to desertification
• Destruction of wildlife habitat, making survival difficult

Conservation Measures

Biosphere

The part of the earth that supports life.

Biodiversity

The variety of organisms on earth, their interrelationships, and their relationship with the environment.

Flora and Fauna

Plants found in a particular area (flora) and animals found in a particular... Continue reading "Deforestation: Causes, Effects, and Conservation Measures" »

Liberalism

Leaded by: the bourgeoisie people.

Religious: freedom.

Political believe: Constitutional monarchy.

Social system: Class based society.

Economy: economic freedom, the government doesn’t take part in the economy.

Changes to do in the decisions taken in Vienna: Change the absolutist monarchy to the constitutional monarchy. The social system and the economical control of the government.

Nationalism

Leaded by: generally the bourgeoisie people, but also supported by other social groups, such as peasants, clergy, nobles…

Political believe: rights of different nations to have their own independence country.

Social system: End with the estate-based system.

Economy: Protect their national economy.

Changes to do in the decisions taken in Vienna: They... Continue reading "Political Ideologies and Changes in Vienna" »

Types of Forests in India

Reserved Forests

These forests are earmarked only for the production of timber. Grazing of animals and cultivation of crops are not allowed in these forests. About 54% of forests are grouped under reserved forests.

Protected Forests

These forests are protected from further depletion. The right of grazing and cultivation is allowed with certain restrictions. About 29% of forests come under protected forests.

Unclassed Forests

There are no restrictions in these forests. These forests belong to the government and private individuals. About 16% of forests are unclassed forests.

Project Tiger: A Conservation Success Story

The tiger is one of the most important species among fauna. It was estimated that the population of tigers... Continue reading "Types of Forests in India, Water Scarcity, and Watershed Development" »

News about global warming and its devastating impact on endangered animal habitats is widespread. Many organizations are working tirelessly to protect these species. Animals like orangutans and polar bears are particularly vulnerable.

While many people are disconnected from wildlife, living in urban environments, it's crucial to recognize that human actions often contribute to the endangerment of these animals. Increasing pollution threatens all species, and we have a responsibility to protect them. We must take action, such as reducing deforestation and educating future generations, to safeguard our planet.

Zoos, while offering a glimpse into the lives of these animals, often highlight the limitations of their captive environments. Creating... Continue reading "Protecting Endangered Species: A Call to Action" »

Demographic Regimes

Old Demographic Regime: Characterized by high birth and mortality rates (often catastrophic due to epidemics, famines, and wars), resulting in limited natural growth. This was typical of pre-industrial societies before the 19th century.

Demographic Transition Regime: Initially features high birth rates but lower mortality rates due to improved food availability, hygiene, and health, leading to increased natural growth. Towards the end of the transition, birth rates decline, and growth slows. This regime was present in Europe after the Industrial Revolution. The population pyramid was progressive, indicating a large base of young people and a small elderly population.

Modern Demographic Regime: Mortality and birth rates stabilize... Continue reading "Demographic Regimes and Population Density" »

Forestry is an important source of many different types of products and resources, and it is crucial to practice sustainable reforestation.

Cork: A Versatile Material for Wine Bottles

Cork is obtained from oak trees and is commonly used for wine bottle stoppers.

Resins: Natural Ingredients for Cosmetics

Resins are obtained from certain plants and are widely used in the cosmetics industry.

Rubber: Essential for Tire Manufacturing

Rubber is obtained from certain tropical trees and is a key material in tire production.

Wood: A Versatile Raw Material for Furniture

Wood is obtained from trees and is commonly used as a raw material for furniture production.

The effects of unsustainable forestry practices include overexploitation of forests, forest fires,... Continue reading "Forestry: A Sustainable Source of Products and Resources" »

Introduction

The Rapa Nui are the indigenous Polynesian habitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the descendants of Easter Island's original peoples make up about 60% of Easter Island's current population & a significant part of its population resides on Chile's mainland. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language & Chile's primary language, Spanish.

History

Rapa Nui R believed 2 have settled Easter Island between 300 & 1200 CE. Previously, the date of arrival was estimated 2 be around 700–800 CE, but more-recent evidence demostrate other date. Jacob Roggeveen was the 1st European 2 record contact with the Rapa Nui. Roggeveen allready set sail either in search of Juan Fernandez Islands... Continue reading "Discovering the Rapa Nui: History, Culture, and Moais" »

Ecotourism and Responsible Travel

Ecotourism is a type of sustainable tourism that emphasizes conserving nature and improving the lives of local people in rural and wilderness areas. When we visit beautiful places, it's natural to want our holidays to have a positive impact on local people and their environments. Responsible travel is about more authentic holiday experiences that enable you to get a little bit more out of your travels and give a little bit more back to destinations and local people. All holidays have positive and negative impacts locally. Responsible travel maximizes the benefits and minimizes the negative effects of tourism.

Costa Rica: A Popular Ecotourism Destination

Costa Rica is a very popular spot for ecotourism. It combines... Continue reading "Sustainable Tourism: Ecotourism Destinations and Impacts" »

What is economic activity?

Economic activities are all the processes used to obtain the goods and services that people need. The three phases of economic activity are:

• Production → is all the goods and services which are created as a result of an economic activity.
• Distribution → is the process of moving goods and services from the place of production to the consumer.
• Consumption → is all the goods and services that people buy to satisfy their wants and needs.

History of payment

• Barter → direct exchange of goods
• Natural coins → valuable natural items, with an agreed value like shells, cocoa, salt, furs
• Metal coins → the first metal coins were made in Lidia (present-day Turkey) in the 7th century BC
• Paper money → notes first appeared in