Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Introduction

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the regular patterns of verb conjugation. This means that their past tense and past participle forms are not formed by simply adding -ed to the base form of the verb.

List of Irregular Verbs

The following is a list of the most common irregular verbs in English, along with their past tense and past participle forms:

• Arise: arose, arisen
• Awake: awoke, awoken
• Bear: bore, borne
• Beat: beat, beaten
• Become: became, become
• Begin: began, begun
• Bend: bent, bent
• Bet: bet, bet
• Bid: bid, bid
• Bind: bound, bound
• Bite: bit, bitten
• Bleed: bled, bled
• Blow: blew, blown
• Break: broke, broken
• Breed: bred, bred
• Bring: brought, brought
• Build: built, built
• Burn: burnt, burnt
• Burst: burst, burst
• Buy: bought, bought
• Cast: cast, cast
• Catch:

Blog:

Short for weblog; a kind of diary on an internet website

Bottom-up processing:

When we try to understand a whole text, starting from finding the meaning of individual words and phrases (intentamos entender el texto completo buscando el significado de una palabra o frase)

Chants:

Rhythmic speaking (like a song without music) (cántico)

Chart:

A diagram with a lot of different information (gráfica, historial)

Cloze:

A text where text have blanks which have been chosen at random (aleatorio) (texto donde los espacios en blanco se han elegido aleatoriamente)

Collaborative writing:

When students work together to complete a writing

Communicative speaking activities:

An activity which makes students use speaking to communicate, rather than just practicing... Continue reading "Teaching English as a Second Language Glossary" »

Understanding Their Forms

Irregular verbs in English do not follow the standard conjugation rules. This means their past simple and past participle forms are not formed by adding '-ed' or '-d' to the base form. Instead, they have unique forms that must be memorized. Below is a comprehensive list of common irregular verbs, along with their infinitive, past simple, past participle, and Spanish translation.

• Arise (Surgir):
  • Infinitive: Arise
  • Past Simple: Arose
  • Past Participle: Arisen
• Awake (Despertarse):
  • Infinitive: Awake
  • Past Simple: Awoke
  • Past Participle: Awoken
• Bear (Soportar):
  • Infinitive: Bear
  • Past Simple: Bore
  • Past Participle: Borne
• Become (Convertirse en):
  • Infinitive: Become
  • Past Simple: Became
  • Past Participle: Become
• Begin (Empezar):
  • Infinitive: Begin
  • Past

Macbeth: Prophecies and Destiny

Macbeth presents the witches' prophecies as seemingly inevitable truths, yet they also function as catalysts for Macbeth's ambition. These prophecies manipulate Macbeth, ultimately placing his destiny in his own hands.

He believes in the prophecies but remains uncertain whether they will come to pass without his intervention. The witches never detail *how* he will become king. When Duncan names his son Malcolm as the heir to the throne, Macbeth makes a crucial decision that shapes his fate:

"All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!"

"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step. On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap." - Macbeth expresses his jealousy at not being named heir.

"Be bloody, bold, and resolute;... Continue reading "Macbeth and Paulina: Destinies Intertwined" »

TEMA 6 NIVEL 1

1. 1 7 4 5 3 9 10 8 2 6 3. AC ED IJ FH GB

2. to buy/ hearing/ shopping/ to open/ smoking

4. was established/ is charged/ will be made/ is being borrowed/ will... be delivered

5. dont understand, hasnt been paid/ have been working, will be completed/ has … been charged, have never purchased/ borrowed, will be returned/ looked, must have been told

6. had /cut / have/ washed/ have/ sent/ are having/ taken/ will have/ prepared

TEMA 6 NIVEL 2

1. Difficult situation/ financial problems/ pay anything/ get the best deal/ give it a try

2. ordering/ to lend you any more money/ filling the dishwasher every night after dinner/ to buy some milk on the way home/ seeing the new film at the cinema

3. If you come into town, I’ll show you around /... Continue reading "English Grammar Exercises for Levels 1 and 2" »

Essential English Vocabulary & Phrases

Key Language Proficiency Terms

• Medium - Medio
• Fluent - Fluido
• Make the most of - Hacen lo más que pueden
• Native speaker - Hablante nativo

Descriptive Adjectives

• Brief
• To the point
• Standard
• Commonly used

Common Collocations and Verb Phrases

• Have a chat - Tener un chat
• Make a speech - Dar un discurso
• Have a quarrel - Tener una pelea
• Pay a compliment - Hacer un cumplido
• Take a message - Tomar un mensaje
• Raise an issue - Sacar el tema

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Apologize - Say you're sorry
• Criticize - Say something isn't good
• Warn - Tell someone about a possible problem or danger
• Quote - Repeat the words someone said
• Deny - Say something is not true
• Blame - Say someone caused a bad thing to happen

Advanced Language Learning Terminology

• Widely

1. Modal Verbs

Original: Smoking is forbidden in most restaurants.

Transformation: You mustn't smoke in most restaurants.

2. Passive Voice

Original: The shop assistant didn't give us the ticket.

Transformation: We weren't given the ticket by the shop assistant.

3. Comparatives

Original: Al swims faster than Peter.

Transformation 1: Peter swims slower than Al.

Transformation 2: Peter doesn't swim as fast as Al.

4. Verbal Tenses

Original: I saw Frank two months ago.

Transformation: I haven't seen Frank for two months.

5. Gerund/Infinitive

Original: He forgot to phone his wife yesterday.

Transformation: He didn't remember phoning his wife yesterday.

6. Have sth. Done

Original: They are servicing my new car next week.

Transformation: I am having my new car serviced... Continue reading "English Grammar Transformation Exercises" »

to hit the hay_go to bed

it's brass monkeys_It's freezing cold

to rustle up_to make or find something quickly for somebody and without planning

to swing by_to visit a place or person for a short time

to lose your rag_get angry

a red herring_a false clue

endeavour_an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult

monkey business_dishonest or silly behaviour

to be as nice as pie_very kind and friendly, especially when you are not expecting it

to feel giddy_dizzy

a handful_a person or an animal that is difficult to control

a skeleton in the cupboard_something shocking, embarrassing, etc. That has happened to you or your family in the past that you want to keep secret

let sleeping dogs lie_to avoid mentioning a subject or something that happened