Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for English

Infinitive          Past Simple          Past Participle

leave                left                                  left     

lend                  lent                                 lent

let                     let                                   let

lie                     lay                                  lain

lose                  lost                                 lost

make                made                             made

meet                 met                                met

pay                   paid                    ... Continue reading "Irregular Verbs in English: A Comprehensive Guide" »

People

Which / That

Use "which" or "that" to talk about things. Use "where" to talk about places. They usually come after the noun they refer to.

Omit "which" or "that" if they are followed by a personal pronoun or noun.

Second Conditional

Use the second conditional to talk about:

• Imaginary situations in the present:
  Example: If I were rich, I would live in a huge house.
• Improbable events in the future:
  Example: If he left home earlier, he would never be late for work.

Was I/he/she/it

Were you/we/they

Modal Verbs for Obligation and

Active and Passive Voice

Normal Sentences

• My father gets a good salary.
  A good salary is gotten by my father.
• The boss lent me one of his books.
  I was lent one of his books by the boss.
• He did not pay the bill.
  The bill wasn't paid.
• My neighbor is going to buy a new car.
  A new car is going to be bought by my neighbor.
• I had lost my umbrella when it began to rain.
  My umbrella had been lost when it began to rain.
• Alice was looking for her pencils.
  Her pencils were being looked for by Alice.
• I will hang a picture on the wall.
  A picture will be hung on the wall.
• Susan has not answered your letters.
  Your letters haven't been answered by Susan.
• Amy Winehouse broke an expensive picture at the hotel.
  An expensive picture was broken at the hotel by Amy Winehouse.
• Tom's

The Rapid Pace of Technological Change

In recent years, technological breakthroughs have occurred so quickly that many adults have struggled to adapt. However, young people, especially the youngest ones, have rapidly grasped these new forms of communication.

Digital natives can spend hours on their computers, and even when away from home, they often walk down the street while typing on their phones. This rapid integration of technology can be seen as either amazing or concerning, depending on the beholder.

For them, it is fantastic how quickly they can connect with friends, stay constantly in touch, and receive the latest news instantaneously.

Communication Challenges for the Digital Generation

In my opinion, this generation seems to have lost the... Continue reading "Technology's Impact on Youth: Communication & Fitness" »

FAHRENHEIT 451

Summary of the Hearth and the Salamander

In the first part of Fahrenheit 451, the character Guy Montag, a thirty-year-old fireman in the twenty-fourth century (remember that the novel was written in the early 1950s) is introduced. In this dystopian (dreadful and oppressive) setting, people race 'jet cars' down the roads as a way of terminating stress, 'parlor walls' are large screens in every home used dually for entertainment and governmental propaganda, and houses have been fireproofed, thus making the job of firemen, as they are commonly known, obsolete. However, firemen have been given a new occupation; they are burners of books and the official censors of the state. As a fireman, Guy Montag is responsible for destroying not... Continue reading "Fahrenheit 451: Summary of the Hearth and the Salamander" »

The Boat to Fuerteventura

Two summers ago, my friend Jose and I had tickets for a water park in Fuerteventura. We decided to take the early boat to have more time during the day and be able to go shopping.

When Jose and I arrived at the port, it was crowded. My friend said, “If we had come earlier, we would be the first ones here.” During the trip, Jose got seasick and vomited on me. I told him, “If I had known this was going to happen, I wouldn't have sat next to you!” As soon as we arrived in Fuerteventura, we went straight to the water park because it was scorching.

We had a fantastic time at the water park. All in all, it was an unforgettable experience, and I would definitely repeat the trip.

Party Fail

Last summer, my best friend and... Continue reading "Unforgettable Summer Adventures: From Fuerteventura to Camping Chaos" »

X11A

a) pretty much; b) junk; c) consumed; d) copious

3. a) Michael Phelps said that he could eat pretty much whatever he wanted.

b) Phelps could improve his diet if he included some fruit or salad.

c) Contrary to the copious breakfast which Phelps eats…

d) He may have met Michael Phelps there.

X11B

a) anticipate; b) exhibit; c) symptoms; d) commands

3. a) The writer advises us not to leave tempting shoes, clothing, or children’s toys within reach of our dog.

b) Perhaps his appetite won’t be good.

c) If you allow him to do something one time, don’t forbid it another.

d) Our pet must be taught manners.

S11A

. a) volunteer; b) aspiring ; c) keen on d) expand

3. a) The writer asks if responsible learners volunteer to clean the blackboard and if they... Continue reading "Vocabulary Building: Exercises and Explanations" »

Vocabulary

1.

• 1. Trash
• 2. Voyage
• 3. Avoid
• 4. Landfills
• 5. Shortcut
• 6. Amount
• 7. Harmful
• 8. Halfway
• 9. A drop in the ocean

2.

1. E
2. F
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B

3.

1. Carbon footprint
2. Renewable energy
3. Litter
4. Fuel

Grammar

4.

1. Could do / Could have done
2. Shouldn’t wear
3. May / Can / Could … have
4. Can’t believe
5. May / Might not have seen
6. Needn’t / Don’t have to pay

5.

1. Susan shouldn’t / needn’t have brought so many bottles. / Susan didn’t have to bring so many bottles.
2. Otherwise, I would have mentioned it.
3. That’s why I didn’t have to get up so early.
4. Could / Can we give you a lift?

6.

1. We had better leave immediately.
2. He shouldn’t wear pale colors.
3. You had better not say a word to anyone!

Vocabulary

1.

1. Went bald
2. Picked up
3. Ingest
4. Inhabit
5. Used up
6. Emits
7. Fool

2.

1. Caught the waiter’s eye
2. Pick up so many languages
3. Cut

Ability: Can - Could - Be Able to

We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability. She can speak six languages - My grandfather could play golf very well. I can't drive - I won't be able to drive that lorry.

Probability: May, Might (something is possible)

He may be in his office (perhaps) (may not) - John might not be in his office (mightn't)

When talking about possible plans, I may (might) be going to Italy in July (it's possible) - I may (might) go to Italy in July (it's possible)

Deduction: Can't Be - Must Be

It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside - This bill can't be right (£200 for two cups of coffee!)

Obligation: Must (possibly based on the speaker's opinion)

Children must do their homework - We have to wear a uniform at work... Continue reading "English Grammar: Ability, Probability, Deduction, Obligation, Permission, Advice, and Suggestions" »

Diverse Historical Topics

Wallis Simpson and the Abdication

1. She went with her second husband to Leicestershire to spend a week there, and the prince was there too.
2. She didn't feel quite confident because she didn't know anything about hunting and she didn't know about etiquette.
3. As he was not allowed to marry a divorcee, he decided to abdicate because he could not live without her.
4. TRUE (line 7): "She and her mother... some money"
5. FALSE (line 13): "None of the royal... to the wedding"

• blond
• reasonable
• to attend
• on

10. It was believed that Wallis was worried about royal etiquette.
11. The Prince fell in love with her although she was not young or beautiful.
12. When did her father die?
13. Wallis, who was very poor as a child, wanted a life of luxury.

Reflections on a Funeral

1. It