Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Electronics

Unit 1: Language Definition and Communication Fundamentals

Language Definition and Characteristics

• Yule's Perspectives:
  • Arbitrariness
  • Displacement
  • Specialization (signs produced for communication)
• Language Functions:
  • Seven functions by Jakobson
  • Three functions by Halliday

Communication Definition and Process

• Definition and process of communication
• Communicative competence
• Spoken and Written Language:
  • Historical attitudes
  • Key differences

Factors in the Communication Process

• Key factors in communication
• Language functions (Jakobson)
• Context (Halliday and Hasan)
• Speech Acts:
  • Austin (1962):
    • Definition
    • Locutionary acts
    • Illocutionary acts
    • Perlocutionary acts
  • Searle: Different illocutionary acts:
    • Direct and indirect acts
    • Categories: Directives, Assertives, Commissives, Expressives,

Synchro Systems

• What lead on a transistor has a colored dot? - Collector lead.
• Differential synchro system - Combines two or more inputs.
• Which of these creates error voltage? - TDX.
• Controlled system - The processing plant range which is to be...
• Control units in a control synchro system are driven by - Electromagnetic or mechanical means.
• Resolvers generally provide - Very reliable outputs.
• Resolver synchro system - Transmits angular position with high accuracy.
• Air gap inaccuracies in synchros - Bring huge problems in controlling.
• Instability of transmitter - The momentum of the servo motor to go...
• If the synchro transmitter rotor is turned - The field turns the same angle.
• Torque systems are used for - Light loads, such as the position of dials..

Present simple

I go/she goes, I don't go/she doesn't go, Do I go/Does she go?
- Regular habit or routine, a true scientific fact (always usually at 1 o'clock at night...)

Present continuous

I am asking, I'm not asking, Am I asking?
- Action happening now (now at the moment right now), temporary action (this year at present today these days...), plan for the near future (this evening tonight tomorrow...)

Past simple

I worked, I didn't work, Did I work?
- Completed action in the past, series of completed actions in the past (yesterday last week when then)

Past continuous

I was running/you were running, I wasn't running/you weren't running, Was I running?/Were you running?
- Action in progress at a specific time in the past (at 4 o'clock last night...),... Continue reading "Verb Tenses in English: Present, Past, Future" »

Understanding Morphosyntax: Strategies for Effective Learning

Morphology and syntax are the heart of the lexicon. If pronunciation and spelling provide the visual and sound images of communication, then morphosyntax offers the structural rules of the game, telling us how to use language effectively. Therefore, what is often meant by 'grammar' is, in essence, morphosyntax.

Mastering morphosyntax means being much more aware of the forms of words and how they combine, and using this knowledge to understand and express oneself better. It does little good to memorize verb conjugations or diagram a sentence if, afterward, we cannot exploit these mechanisms to speak and write with greater accuracy and clarity. A single idea can be expressed in infinite... Continue reading "Mastering Morphosyntax: Enhancing Language Skills" »

Felicity Conditions in Communication

Let's analyze some examples:

• "Hi Joe, how are you?" - S wants to know A. H knows A.
• "Can you open the window?" - S wants H to do A. H is capable of doing A. S believes that H is willing to do A.
• "Mom, I am home." - S wants H to know A. H wants to know A.

Discourse and Language in Context

Discourse is language in context. It is given in a social context and involves interaction. Key factors include:

• Channel (S, W)
• Agent (mono, di, multi)
• Register (Formal, informal)
• Social context
• Purpose (transactional, interactional)
• Context (embedded, reduced)
• Genre (instructive, narrative, descriptive, persuasive, informative, expository)

Text form is the representation of text types.

Communicative Competences (M&S)

• Grammatical: Lexical

P.S: every day,sometimes,always,never/I don't-doesn't

Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.

Morphology

Morphology is the study and description of word formation (such as inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language.

Phonology

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in spoken languages and signs in sign languages.

Semantics

Semantics is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics. It is concerned with the relationship between signifiers and what they stand for in reality... Continue reading "Fundamental Concepts in Linguistics and Language Structure" »

The simple present tense

is One of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general Truths, and fixed arrangements.

1^st Person normal, do, don’t.

3^rd Add -s question does, doesn’t,

For habits
He drinks tea at Breakfast.
She only eats fish.

Present perfect

Affirmative: 1^st have walked, 3^rd Has walked

Negative: 1^st haven’t walked, 3^rd Hasn’t walked

Interrogative 1^st have I walked? 3^rd Has she walked?

Present continuous

1^st I/you am/are going, i/you am not/ aren’t Going, am I going? Are you going?

3^rd he is going, he isn’t going, is he Going?

Present perfect continuous: Has been + ing

1^st I have been, I haven’t been, have I been living?

3^rdShe has been, she hasn't Been running, has

Understanding Spooling in Operating Systems

Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations Online) is a technique used in operating systems to manage I/O operations efficiently. It involves buffering data for various I/O devices, such as printers, in a temporary storage area (usually disk).

• Input Spooling: This technique involves reading jobs (for example, from cards) onto the disk. This ensures that when currently executing processes are finished, work will be waiting for the CPU, maximizing CPU utilization.
• Output Spooling: This consists of first copying printable files to disk before printing them, rather than printing directly as the output is generated. This frees up the CPU and application to perform other tasks while printing occurs in the