Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Design and Engineering

Binding Constraint: LHS equals to RHS at optimal ;  Non-binding constraint: LHS is not equal to RHS at optimal

Shadow Price: Amount by which OFV changes if RHS is increased by one unit

Basic Variable: A decision variable which has non-zero value at optimal ;  Non-basic Value: A decision variable which has a value of zero at optimal

Reduced cost: Amount by which the objective function coefficient needs to be decreased before the variable becomes basic

• Basic var: "Final Value" >0 and "Reduced cost"=0; With allow inc/dec, optimal solution (Final Value) doesn't change, OFV change by (change)*(Final Value); Beyond allow inc/dec, optimal solution and OFV changes by RESOLVE.
• Non basic var:  "Final Value"=0 and "Reduced cost"≠0; In a MIN,"Reduced

Digital Registers

As a flip-flop (FF) can store only one bit of data (a 0 or a 1), it is referred to as a single-bit register. A register is a set of FFs used to store binary data. The storage capacity of a register is the number of bits (1s and 0s) of digital data it can retain.

Loading a Register

Loading a register means setting or resetting the individual FFs—inputting data into the register so that their states correspond to the bits of data to be stored. Loading may be serial or parallel:

• Serial loading: Data is transferred into the register in serial form, i.e., one bit at a time.
• Parallel loading: Data is transferred into the register in parallel form, meaning all the FFs are triggered into their new states at the same time.

Types of Registers

1. Buffer

Port Sizing: Key Factors

Physical Factors

1. Oceanographic and Meteorological Conditions

These conditions define navigational restrictions. Wind conditions are classified as:

• Soft: Up to 36 kph
• Moderate: 36 - 63 kph
• Severe: 63 - 108 kph

2. Vessel Dimensions

Design vessel dimensions (LOA, breadth, freeboard, draft) are crucial for port design.

3. Vessel Maneuverability

• High: Light war vessels, cruises, bulk carriers, Ro-Ro vessels, first-generation containerships
• Medium: Modern war vessels, oil carriers (T-2), bulk carriers, second-generation containerships
• Low: Aircraft carriers, VLCC tankers, third and fourth-generation containerships, older or damaged vessels

4. Vessel Squat

Two main effects:

• Vertical movement (sinking)
• Longitudinal rotation

5. Vessel Movements

Tide... Continue reading "Port Sizing and Operations: Key Factors and Considerations" »

Essential Equipment for River Load Analysis

You will need the following equipment for river load investigations:

• Cord or washing line: To stretch across the river to act as the base-line for your investigations.
• Tent pegs: To secure the base-line.
• Metre rule: For measuring depth and distance.
• Scoop: A dustpan may also be useful.
• Scale of roundness: This will help you to pick out particular shapes in the materials you investigate. Five main shapes are recognized, and you can make a set from pencil erasers. Some patience will be needed! Label each eraser with indelible (waterproof) ink. Your reconnaissance visit will have shown whether you need all five shapes or just 'angular', 'sub-rounded', and 'well-rounded'.
• Quadrat: For choosing river-bed material,

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus are the formal query languages for a relational model. Both form the base for the SQL language which is used in most of the relational DBMSs. Relational Algebra is a procedural language. On the other hand, Relational Calculus is a declarative language. Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus can be further differentiated on many aspects, which I have discussed below with the help of a comparison chart.

31 Digital Switching Systems — Space Switching

Types and characteristics of space switching network

The space switching network operates with inputs and outputs organized in N time slots. Information from input time slots is routed from every input mux to a specific output mux without modification of the time position. Gates in crossbars are opened only for the duration of the corresponding time slot.

• Time slots: The network works at inputs and outputs with N time slots.
• Routing: Information of input time slots is routed from each input mux to a specific output mux without changing the time position.
• Crossbar gates: Gates in crossbars are opened only for the period of the time slot.
• Eight-bit words: Eight-bit words are carried through the space

Electrical Safety and Circuit Troubleshooting

Is a JSA required for electrical circuit troubleshooting?

Yes. As an employer, you have a duty of care to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses and to provide safe systems of work as specified under Section 19 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984.

Example of a JSA hazard control measure

Hazard: Extension cord on a wet floor.

Control Measure: Secure cords to walls and hang them away from water sources.

• Likelihood: Likely
• Consequence: Major
• Risk Rating: Critical

Testing devices and applications

Device: Multimeter.

Application: Perform a continuity test on a faulty circuit.

Live vs. de-energised testing

Circuits should generally be tested de-energised to eliminate the high risk of equipment damage... Continue reading "Electrical Troubleshooting and Safety Compliance Standards" »

Linux

Physical Properties in Geophysical Surveys

Commonly used physical properties include:

• Elastic wave velocity (elasticity, density): Seismic methods
• Electric pulse velocity (dielectric constant): Georadar (GPR)
• Electrical DC resistance (resistivity): DC resistivity methods
• Electrical AC conductivity: EM conductivity methods
• Magnetic field strength (susceptibility): Magnetic methods
• Gravity field strength (density): Gravity methods

The value of surface measurements is determined by the contrast in the relevant property (material type) and the three-dimensional structure.

Selecting the Right Geophysical Method

When planning a survey, consider the following factors:

• What type and shape of feature is being imaged?
• Is an area or line survey more effective?
• Which