Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

List and Briefly Define the Four Main Elements of a Computer

A computer is composed of four fundamental elements:

• Main memory: Stores both data and instructions.
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Capable of operating on binary data.
• Control Unit: Interprets the instructions in memory and ensures their execution.
• Input and Output (I/O) Equipment: Operated by the control unit to facilitate interaction with the external world.

Define the Two Main Categories of Processor Registers

Processor registers can be broadly classified into two categories:

• User-Visible Registers: These registers are accessible to programmers using machine or assembly language. They help minimize references to main memory by optimizing register usage. High-level language compilers

• A class is a template used to create objects and declare data types and methods in a program.
• Public - Modifier used to declare classes and interfaces. Void - Method that returns no value. Main - Marks the start and end of program execution.
• Scanner class - Used to get user input for types like String and Int.
• Exceptions: Try-catch block, throw statement.
• Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing and structuring software programs. It improves clarity in the design of classes.
• A subclass provides specialized behavior based on elements provided by the superclass. Using inheritance, programmers can reuse the code in the superclass many times.
• Reading and Writing to Files:
  1. Import java.io file.
  2. File inputFile = new File("input.

Theory of Computation

Automata Theory

Automata theory is a theoretical branch of computer science and mathematics that deals with the logic of computation using simple machines called automata. The main goal of automata theory is to develop methods for describing and analyzing the dynamic behavior of discrete systems. Automata consist of states (represented by circles) and transitions (represented by arrows).

Finite Automata

A finite automaton is an abstract computing device and a mathematical model of a system with discrete input, output, states, and a set of transitions between states that occur on input symbols from an alphabet. Finite automata are the simplest machines for pattern recognition, used to characterize regular languages, analyze... Continue reading "Theory of Computation: Automata, and Regular Expressions" »

Data Manipulation with dplyr

Ordering Rows with arrange()

Selecting Columns with select()

Creating New Variables with mutate()

Creating Functions with Vector Arguments

Behavioral Architecture of a State Machine

This VHDL code describes the behavioral architecture of a state machine.

Microcontrollers, Microcomputers, and Microprocessors

Microcontroller: Processor, memory, and I/O ports integrated on a single chip.

Microcomputer: A small computer.

Microprocessor: Example: Intel x86.

Von Neumann Architecture

Components:

• Processor (Control Unit, ALU, Registers)
• Memory (RAM - Volatile, ROM - Non-Volatile)
• I/O

A single bus interconnects the processor, memory, and I/O.

RISC vs. CISC

RAM vs. ROM vs. CPU Register

COLEGIO LEONARDO DA VINCI

• INFANTIL
• PRIMARIA
• SECUNDARIA
• BACHILLERATO
• INICIO

¡Hola, Muy Buenas!

Noticias Destacadas

COMIENZAN LOS EXÁMENES DE LA PRIMERA EVALUACIÓN.

EL BAILE DE DISFRACES DE HALLOWEEN FUE TODO UN ÉXITO.

LOS ALUMNOS PIDEN VER LOS PARTIDOS DE ESPAÑA EN CLASE.

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Pascal Movie Database Management

This document details several procedures written in Pascal for managing a movie database. The database is stored in a file of records, where each record represents a movie.

Data Structure

The code defines a pelicula (movie) record with the following fields:

• codigo: integer (Movie ID)
• genero: string (Genre)
• nombre: string (Title)
• duracion: integer (Duration)
• director: string (Director)
• copias: integer (Number of Copies)
• precio: real (Price)

A constant valoralto is defined as 9999, used as a sentinel value.

And the file is defined as:

maestro= file of pelicula ;

Procedures

leerp(var p: pelicula)

Reads movie data from the input (keyboard) and stores it in the pelicula record p. It reads the codigo first. If it's not equal to... Continue reading "Pascal Movie Database Management Procedures" »

VHDL Flip-Flop Implementations

This section demonstrates various VHDL implementations of flip-flops and latches, showcasing different clocking, clear, preset, and load mechanisms.

entity reginf is
    port (
        d, clk, clr, pre, load, data : in  std_logic;
        q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7   : out std_logic
    );
end reginf;

architecture rtl of reginf is
begin

Active High Clock D-Latch

A simple D-latch sensitive to the rising edge of the clock.

    -- D-latch with active high clock
    process
    begin
        wait until clk='1';
        q1 <= d;
    end process;

Active Low Clock D-Latch

A D-latch sensitive to the falling edge of the clock.

    -- D-latch with active low clock
    process
    begin
        wait until clk='0';

Write C++/Java program to draw 3-D cube and perform following transformations on it using OpenGL.

Scaling

#include // Include the GLUT header file

void display (void) {

glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // Clear the background of our window to blue

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear the colour buffer (more buffers later on)

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.3f, 0.3f,-6.0f); // Push everything 5 units back into the scene, otherwise we won't see the primitive

//glScalef(0.5f, 1.0f, 2.0f); // Make the shape half as wide, the same height and twice as deep

glutWireCube(2.0f); // Render the primitive

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.0f,... Continue reading "3-D Cube Transformations in OpenGL" »