Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Computers

Behavioral Architecture of a State Machine

This VHDL code describes the behavioral architecture of a state machine.

Microcontrollers, Microcomputers, and Microprocessors

Microcontroller: Processor, memory, and I/O ports integrated on a single chip.

Microcomputer: A small computer.

Microprocessor: Example: Intel x86.

Von Neumann Architecture

Components:

• Processor (Control Unit, ALU, Registers)
• Memory (RAM - Volatile, ROM - Non-Volatile)
• I/O

A single bus interconnects the processor, memory, and I/O.

RISC vs. CISC

RAM vs. ROM vs. CPU Register

COLEGIO LEONARDO DA VINCI

• INFANTIL
• PRIMARIA
• SECUNDARIA
• BACHILLERATO
• INICIO

¡Hola, Muy Buenas!

Noticias Destacadas

COMIENZAN LOS EXÁMENES DE LA PRIMERA EVALUACIÓN.

EL BAILE DE DISFRACES DE HALLOWEEN FUE TODO UN ÉXITO.

LOS ALUMNOS PIDEN VER LOS PARTIDOS DE ESPAÑA EN CLASE.

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Pascal Movie Database Management

This document details several procedures written in Pascal for managing a movie database. The database is stored in a file of records, where each record represents a movie.

Data Structure

The code defines a pelicula (movie) record with the following fields:

• codigo: integer (Movie ID)
• genero: string (Genre)
• nombre: string (Title)
• duracion: integer (Duration)
• director: string (Director)
• copias: integer (Number of Copies)
• precio: real (Price)

A constant valoralto is defined as 9999, used as a sentinel value.

And the file is defined as:

maestro= file of pelicula ;

Procedures

leerp(var p: pelicula)

Reads movie data from the input (keyboard) and stores it in the pelicula record p. It reads the codigo first. If it's not equal to... Continue reading "Pascal Movie Database Management Procedures" »

VHDL Flip-Flop Implementations

This section demonstrates various VHDL implementations of flip-flops and latches, showcasing different clocking, clear, preset, and load mechanisms.

entity reginf is
    port (
        d, clk, clr, pre, load, data : in  std_logic;
        q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7   : out std_logic
    );
end reginf;

architecture rtl of reginf is
begin

Active High Clock D-Latch

A simple D-latch sensitive to the rising edge of the clock.

    -- D-latch with active high clock
    process
    begin
        wait until clk='1';
        q1 <= d;
    end process;

Active Low Clock D-Latch

A D-latch sensitive to the falling edge of the clock.

    -- D-latch with active low clock
    process
    begin
        wait until clk='0';

Write C++/Java program to draw 3-D cube and perform following transformations on it using OpenGL.

Scaling

#include // Include the GLUT header file

void display (void) {

glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // Clear the background of our window to blue

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear the colour buffer (more buffers later on)

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.3f, 0.3f,-6.0f); // Push everything 5 units back into the scene, otherwise we won't see the primitive

//glScalef(0.5f, 1.0f, 2.0f); // Make the shape half as wide, the same height and twice as deep

glutWireCube(2.0f); // Render the primitive

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.0f,... Continue reading "3-D Cube Transformations in OpenGL" »

Mobile Development: The Viewport Meta Tag

The viewport meta tag is crucial for responsive web design on mobile devices. It controls how the browser displays a webpage on different screen sizes. Here's a breakdown of its key attributes:

Key Attributes

• width: Defines the viewport width. Typically set to device-width, which matches the device's screen width.
• initial-scale: Sets the initial zoom level. A value of 1 ensures the webpage is displayed at 100% zoom initially.
• user-scalable: A boolean attribute. Setting it to no prevents users from zooming in or out.

**CIA Triad: Core Security Principles**

The CIA Triad consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. These are the fundamental goals of information security.

**Threat Modeling: Proactive Security**

Threat modeling involves system decomposition and emphasizes security by design.

**Kerckhoffs's Principle: System Security**

Kerckhoffs's Principle states that:

1. Security should not depend on the secrecy of the system's design, but only on the secrecy of the key.
2. The system should be usable.
3. Keys must be easy to change.

**One-Time Pad: Unbreakable Encryption**

A One-Time Pad is an algorithm that XORs the message with a randomly generated key of equal length. It is secure if:

1. The key is truly random.
2. The key is as long as the message.
3. Each key is used

Bit stuffing and destuffing are crucial techniques used in data link layer protocols to ensure reliable data transmission. They prevent sequences of data bits from being misinterpreted as control characters or flags, especially when the data itself contains patterns identical to these control sequences.

What is Bit Stuffing?

Bit stuffing is the process of adding one or more extra bits into a data stream to break up a sequence of identical bits that might otherwise be misinterpreted as a control signal. For example, in protocols like HDLC, a flag sequence (01111110) is used to mark the beginning and end of a frame. To prevent the actual data from containing this sequence, a '0' bit is stuffed after every five consecutive '1's in the data stream.... Continue reading "C Program for Bit Stuffing and Destuffing" »

Understanding Computer Networks

• A computer network is the interconnection of multiple devices, generally termed as hosts, connected using multiple paths for the purpose of receiving data or media.
• Connected devices share information and resources.
• The channel or line is where this information is transmitted.

Computer Network Classifications

Networks can be classified in several ways:

1. By Size: The most common classification.
2. By Property
3. By Connection Method
4. By Topology

1. Network Classification by Size

• LAN (Local Area Network): Maximum of a building. The most frequent type, common in most offices.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Maximum of a city, connecting different buildings.
• WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects devices from different cities or even countries.