Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Competitive examination

End of the War of the Roses (1485) - Battle of Bosworth

Houses of Lancaster and York

The War of the Roses was a 30-year war between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Richard III fought against Henry Tudor.

Henry Tudor's Reign

Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, in 1486. They had several children, including Arthur in 1486 and Henry in 1491.

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, published in 1517, marked the beginning of the Reformation. This movement spread rapidly thanks to two main factors: the printing press and the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages.

The Printing Press

William Caxton's introduction of the printing press to England in 1476 was a significant development. It... Continue reading "The Reformation in England: From War of the Roses to Henry VIII" »

Amylase begins the digestive process by breaking down starch when you chew your food, converting it into a smaller carbohydrate. Pepsin helps digest the proteins in food because amylase is at the mouth and the pepsin at the stomach.

Chyle

Is a body fluid in the small intestine. It is turbid and milky due to the presence of emulsified fats. Is formed from the chyme during the digestion of fatty foods.

Intestinal Flora

Is the symbiotic bacteria occurring naturally in the gut.

Defecation

Is the final action of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus.

Mechanical Digestion

This is the enzymatic breakdown of large, complex molecules found in food into smaller, simpler, more... Continue reading "Understanding Digestion, Blood Composition, and the Endocrine System" »

Section X14A: Vocabulary and Sentence Practice

Vocabulary: look after, accelerated, took part (in), demanding.

Exercise 3

• a) Had only one bedroom.
• b) Read together, but they also played games.
• c) Their parents were not well off; both children were brought up with an emphasis on education.
• d) Taking various accelerated courses, she went on to attend...

Section X14B: Travel and Adventure Phrases

Vocabulary: duration, abroad, cash, suit.

Exercise 3

• a) You can go on your own mini-adventure because our trips start from a one-week duration.
• b) Before you move on to Southeast Asia, you could work in Australia.
• c) It's easy to plan your adventure.
• d) She told them that if they were sensible, they would be safe.

Section S14A: Health and Lifestyle Habits

Vocabulary:

Laura Pérez Vivas

Rieral Avenue n*48 2*1

17310 Lloret de Mar

Spain

03/04/2019

University of California

Berkeley, California 1384

UUEE

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing this letter to express my keen interest in attending the University of California, Berkeley. I believe it is the university of my dreams, and I would like to introduce myself and share my academic aspirations.

Firstly, I am a dedicated student who consistently strives for excellence. While I understand that your average admission marks are very high, I am committed to putting in the effort to achieve top scores in all subjects. I am determined to succeed, even if it requires extra study time. My goal is to pursue a degree in social work to help children without parents and provide them... Continue reading "Laura Pérez Vivas - Application for Social Work Program at UC Berkeley" »

Innovation

Innovation is the process and outcome of creating something new and valuable. Schumpeter argued that innovation arises from new combinations made by an entrepreneur, resulting in:

• A new product
• A new process
• Opening a new market
• A new way of organizing the business
• New sources of supply

Characteristics of Innovation

• Object or Target of Change: Innovation involves changing an object or target, which can be a product, process, individual's lifestyle, organization's strategy, or a society's culture.
• Magnitude of Deviation: Innovations vary in extent or magnitude, representing the degree to which they deviate from the past.
• Problem-Solving Focus: Innovation is closely related to problem-solving, as generating and implementing ideas for change

Marxist Theory

Human beings are trying to cover basic need, biological necessities. Men are compelled to produce those things. Life from a Marxist point of view is the process where human beings first make products to satisfy their needs, and secondly make themselves making products. Marx defines us as workers. We express ourselves in labor, working. When the product of workers' labor belongs to other people, the workers' humanity is stolen or abducted. In private property, his product is separated from workers, he looks himself alienated. In human history, human life has had:

1. Material needs and scarcity poverty
2. Alienation

He is following Feuerbach to establish his idea of original religion, is the fact that human beings live with basic necessities,... Continue reading "Marxist Theory and Post-Marxist Perspectives on Society" »

Value Chain

Primary Activities

These activities relate directly to the physical creation, sale, maintenance, and support of a product or service.

• Inbound Logistics: All processes related to receiving, storing, and distributing inputs internally.
• Operations: Transformation activities that change inputs into outputs sold to customers. This is where operational systems create value.
• Outbound Logistics: Activities that deliver your product or service to your customer, including collection, storage, and distribution systems. These can be internal or external to your organization.
• Marketing and Sales: Processes used to persuade clients to purchase from you instead of competitors. The benefits you offer and how well you communicate them are sources of value.

Modals

Present

• Advice: OUGHT TO EAT/ SHOULD VISIT/ SHOULDN’T EAT/ MUST WATCH
• Obligation: MUST STUDY/ HAS TO HELP
• Absence of obligation/necessity: DON’T HAVE TO GO/ NEEDN’T WEAR
• Prohibition: CAN’T SMOKE / MUSTN’T TAKE

Past

• Regret, criticism, or past advice: SHOULD HAVE ASKED /SHOULDN’T HAVE LEFT/ OUGHT TO HAVE TOLD
• Past obligation: HAD TO SAVE
• No past necessity: NEEDN’T HAVE RUSHED
• Absence of past obligation: DIDN’T HAVE TO GIVE/ DIDN’T NEED TO GO

Present Deduction

• Possibility or speculation: COULD RAIN/ MAY BE/ MIGHT NOT BE
• Affirmative deduction: MUST BE
• Negative deduction: CAN’T BE

Past Deduction

• Past possibility: MAY HAVE LEFT/ MIGHT HAVE GIVEN
• Past possibility that didn’t happen: COULD HAVE MADE
• Logical conclusion about a past action:

X11A

a) pretty much; b) junk; c) consumed; d) copious

3. a) Michael Phelps said that he could eat pretty much whatever he wanted.

b) Phelps could improve his diet if he included some fruit or salad.

c) Contrary to the copious breakfast which Phelps eats…

d) He may have met Michael Phelps there.

X11B

a) anticipate; b) exhibit; c) symptoms; d) commands

3. a) The writer advises us not to leave tempting shoes, clothing, or children’s toys within reach of our dog.

b) Perhaps his appetite won’t be good.

c) If you allow him to do something one time, don’t forbid it another.

d) Our pet must be taught manners.

S11A

. a) volunteer; b) aspiring ; c) keen on d) expand

3. a) The writer asks if responsible learners volunteer to clean the blackboard and if they... Continue reading "Vocabulary Building: Exercises and Explanations" »