Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Biology

Arthritis: Inflammation of the Joints

Arthritis is a condition where the joints become inflamed, swollen, and warm to the touch. It can also cause decreased mobility and joint deformities.

Osteoarthritis: A Common Type of Arthritis

Osteoarthritis is a chronic, non-inflammatory condition characterized by progressive degeneration of the cartilage and joints.

Gout: Painful Inflammation of Joints

Gout is a type of arthritis that involves painful inflammation of the joints. It usually begins abruptly and is accompanied by redness and swelling.

Rheumatism: Similar to Osteoarthritis

Rheumatism is similar to osteoarthritis but typically occurs in individuals between the ages of 25 and 55.

Osteoporosis: Decrease in Bone Mass

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized... Continue reading "Common Types of Arthritis and Other Joint Conditions" »

Enzymes: Proteins that Function as Biological Catalysts

1) Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

2) Which component is a peripheral protein?

D

3) Which component is cholesterol?

D

4) Which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?

A

5) Which component is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton?

C

6) Which component is a glycolipid?

B

7) Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

8) Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

CO2

9) Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?

aquaporins

10) Diffusion... Continue reading "Understanding Cell Membrane Components and Functions" »

What is Cytology?

Cytology is the study of the internal structure and function of individual cells.

What is Histology?

Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. There are several sub-disciplines within anatomy:

Surface Anatomy

Surface anatomy is the study of the external features of the body.

Regional Anatomy

Regional anatomy is the study of anatomy based on regions of the body. It involves the study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body.

Pathological Anatomy

Pathological anatomy is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross and microscopic examination of tissues.

What

Digestive System Diseases

Oral Cavity

• Tooth Decay

  Tooth enamel is destroyed by acids produced by bacteria that break down food fragments stuck between teeth. Tooth decay causes cavities to form, and bacteria in the cavities can then destroy the teeth.

• Gingivitis

  Inflammation of the gums caused by vitamin deficiencies or poor dental hygiene.

Stomach

• Gastroenteritis

  An infection affecting the stomach or intestine, caused by bacterial toxins. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever.

• Gastritis

  Irritation of the gastric mucosa causing pain, acidity, and a burning sensation. Often caused by smoking, drinking alcohol, eating spicy foods, or taking medicine.

• Stomach Ulcer

  Damage to the gastric mucosa which causes the stomach cavity to come

Unit 3: Lessons 1

Bioelements

Atoms are linked together to form elements. A chemical element is formed by similar atoms.

Biomolecules

Atoms are linked together to make molecules. There are two types of molecules: inorganic and organic.

Cell

This is the smallest unit of living matter that can exist freely in a medium, as it can carry out all the functions of living beings.

Multicellular Levels

• Tissue: A group of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a specific function.
• Organ: Several tissues grouped together to make a structure with a specific function.
• Organ System: A group of organs with closely related functions.
• Organism: The complete unit of the living being.

Unit 3: Lesson 2

Enzymes

Most chemical reactions in living beings would... Continue reading "Essential Building Blocks of Life: From Atoms to Organisms" »

The Pulmonary Circuit

The pulmonary circuit begins in the right ventricle where deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to each lung. The artery branches, finally becoming a network of capillaries that carry deoxygenated blood to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. After gas exchange, oxygenated blood travels through the venous capillaries, the venules, and finally the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

The Systemic Circuit

The systemic circuit begins in the left ventricle. Oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the upper and lower body. It travels through the arteries, arterioles, and finally arterial capillaries to reach the cells. There, during cellular metabolism, nutrients and oxygen are collected while carbon... Continue reading "The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits: Functions and Diseases" »

1. In DNA structure, A always pairs with T. TRUE
2. In DNA structure, cytosine always pairs with adenine. FALSE
3. How many stop codons are there in the genetic code? 3
4. In the genetic code, how many start codons are there? 1
5. In the genetic code, how many naturally occurring amino acids are there? 20
6. Dominant genes are about three times more common than recessive genes. FALSE
7. In this class, Peigler's policy on handheld devices is that they should be turned off and kept out of easy reach. TRUE
8. The traits we studied in the ear of corn were: seed color and plumpness
9. If you cross a white mouse and a black mouse and get gray mice, this is an example of: incomplete dominance
10. Which of the following genotypes is called homozygous dominant? BB
11. Gregor Mendel was a monk

ALLOPHONE: Any possible variation in the production of a phoneme. These variations do not involve any change in the meaning of a word. Allophones are alwaysbased on sounds. Eg: /p/ in “property” and /p/ in “option”

PHONETICS: Science related to the study of the sounds of human speech. Thephysical properties of each one influence the variation of sounds they pronounce. Theunit of phonetics is thesound. The speech processes are:production, transmissions and reception.

  2 STANDARD PRONUNCIATIONS: There are two standard and widely accepted pronunciations:

BBC pronunciation (also called Received Pronunciation, RP in the past) United Kingdom. 

GeneralAmericanpronunciation(GenAm) NorthAmerica. 

2 TYPES OF TRANSCRIPTION:

Internal Environment

Internal environment refers to the fluids that surround the cells in the body. This stable internal environment, called homeostasis, is maintained by the organ systems of the body.

The Circulatory System

The circulatory system consists of the blood circulatory system. It carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body and collects metabolic wastes for elimination. The lymphatic system has three main functions: transport absorbed fat from the fat, defend the body in the immune system, and return excess interstitial fluid to the blood.

Blood

Blood is a thick red liquid that flows inside the blood vessels. Blood's plasma consists of water and dissolved substances. Blood cells, red and white blood cells, and platelets make up the... Continue reading "Understanding the Internal Environment and Circulatory System" »