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पारिभाषिक शब्दावली: अर्थ और स्वरूप

अर्थ

पारिभाषिक शब्दावली से तात्पर्य ऐसे शब्दों से है जिनका प्रयोग किसी विशेष विषय, क्षेत्र या विद्या में एक निश्चित और स्थिर अर्थ में किया जाता है। ये शब्द उस क्षेत्र की तकनीकी भाषा का हिस्सा होते हैं और सामान्य बोलचाल की भाषा से अलग होते हैं।

उदाहरण

• गणित

Skeletal Joints: Structure and Classification

Joints: These structures, also known as articulations or knuckles, consist of tissues that unite different parts of the skeleton. More technically, a joint is defined as the set of hard and soft parts that constitute the union of two or more contiguous bones.

Joints can be classified into two large categories based on:

• Structure (morphology).
• Function (physiology).

Morphological Joint Types

Morphologically, different types of joints are classified according to the connecting tissue into several categories:

• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints (Diarthroses)

Physiological Joint Types

Physiologically, the human body features several joint types:

• Synarthrosis: Immobile joints.
• Symphysis: Joints allowing

Cytoplasm:

The cell space between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane. Comprising cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles.

Cytosol:

The internal environment of the cytoplasm (75-85% water). It performs the synthesis of ribosomes and protids (enzymes, small molecules, or proteins). It forms filaments of the cytoskeleton. Due to the presence of many enzymes, there are numerous metabolic reactions.

Cytoskeleton:

In eukaryotes, it forms a network of protein filaments. Features:

• Maintaining the shape of the cell and the possibility of changing it.
• The possibility of moving the cell.
• Contraction of muscle.
• Transport and organization of organelles.

Microfilaments:

Actin filaments are the main components of the cytoskeleton. Usually, they partner with other... Continue reading "Understanding Cytoplasm and Its Key Components" »

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Membrane Amphipathic Properties

The plasma membrane is amphipathic:

• Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (repel water).
• Phosphate head groups are hydrophilic (attract water).

Transport Through the Membrane

Factors Affecting Transport

• The concentration of substances.
• The type of molecules.

Transport Mechanisms

Based on these factors, transport can occur by three phenomena:

• Passive transport
• Active transport
• Vesicle-mediated transport

Passive Transport

In passive transport, molecules move down their concentration gradient: from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. The cell does not expend energy; the process occurs spontaneously.

Types of Passive Transport

• Simple diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion

Simple

Nutrition, Mobility and Cell Characteristics

Nutrition

Nutrition: Variety — plants (autotrophs), animals (heterotrophs).

Mobility

Mobility: Variety — plants (immobile), animals (mobile).

Growth

Growth: Plants (often indeterminate / unlimited), animals (typically determinate / limited).

Cellular Coverings

Cell coverings: Plants: cell wall and cell membrane; Animals: plasma membrane.

Similarities of Living Beings

Similarities: assimilation, sensitivity, autoregulation and reproduction.

Cell Composition and Organelles

Cell composition: Life composed of abundant protoplasm; cells possess a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nuclear membrane (karyotheca) with a nucleus.

There are a variety of structures in the cytoplasm (organelles): ribosomes, endoplasmic

7-As nadadeiras dos peixes podem apresentar funções variadas de acordo com adaptações ocorridas ao longo dos tempos. Podem ser usadas para, exceto: Respirar

8- Na reprodução dos vertebrados inferiores, predominam os processos de: Fecundação externa

9-No Aparelho excretor dos peixes, os rins são do tipo: Mesonéfrico

1- Entre os peixes e os primeiros anfíbios foram necessários 40 milhões de anos de lenta e constante evolução.

Todas as alternativas contêm adaptações surgidas durante essa evolução, exceto : Manutenção da pele úmida, Termo regulação.

4- Os únicos animais que apresentam, ao longo da vida, respiração branquial, cutânea e pulmonar são os: Pererecas

7- um animal, vivendo no ambiente terrestre e utilizando a pele... Continue reading "Cola" »

The Role of Microbiology in Biotechnology

Microbiology plays a crucial role in biotechnology, as it provides the foundational knowledge and techniques needed to manipulate microorganisms for various applications. Here are some key aspects of microbiology in biotechnology:

Key Aspects of Microbiology in Biotechnology

1. Microbial Diversity

Microbiology helps in understanding the vast diversity of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea. This knowledge is essential for selecting suitable organisms for biotechnological processes.

2. Genetic Engineering

Microorganisms like bacteria and yeast are commonly used in genetic engineering techniques. This involves modifying the genetic material of these organisms to produce desired traits,... Continue reading "The Role of Microbiology in Biotechnology: Applications and Advancements" »

Chemical Evolution

Chemical evolution refers to the processes that created the biomolecules, and then formed structures called protocells. According to Oparin, the first biomolecules were synthesized when the components of Earth’s primitive atmosphere reacted on contact with each other.

Biological Evolution

Biological evolution refers to the processes that led protocells to become different types of cells, and resulted in all the different organisms ever to have inhabited the Earth. Different types of prokaryotic cells were created from primitive cells: heterotrophic cells, photosynthetic cells, aerobic cells, long and very mobile cells.

Fixist Theories

Fixist theories uphold the idea that the species that currently exist on Earth were created... Continue reading "Chemical and Biological Evolution Theories and Characteristics of Hominids" »

Lower Canine

Root may bifurcate into 2 divisions

Chron:

• Enamel: 6-7 y.o
• Eruption: 9-10 y.o
• Root: 12-13 y.o

Geo:

• Lng/lab: pentagon/trapezoid, short side cervical

Mes-Dis:

• Triangular base cervical

Incis:

• Diamond

Labially:

• Cervical ridge/labial ridge/mes-dis development grooves

Lingually:

• Cingulum/lingual ridge/mes-des marginal ridge/1 lingual fossa

Mesial Contact:

• Incisal third

Distal Contact:

• Middle third

Pulp Cavity:

• 1 pulp horn/oval shaped transversally

Cusp Length:

• Distal side is longer

Upper First Premolar

Mesial Marginal Developmental Groove/Canine Fossa

Chro:

• Enamel: 5-6 y.o
• Eruption: 10-11 y.o
• Root: 12-13 y.o

Geo:

• Lng/Bucc: Trapezoid; short side cervical

Mes-Dis:

• Trapezoid; long side cervical

Occlu:

• Hexagonal

Buccally:

• Cervical/Buccal Ridge/Mes-Dis Buccal Developmental Groove

Mesially: