Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Fill in the Blanks: Key Historical Terms

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the list below:

• Hijrah
• Fast
• Justinian Code
• Icons
• Hajj

1. Justinian Code was a set of laws issued by the Byzantine emperor based on Roman laws.
2. Icons are images important to a religion.
3. Hajj is a journey that followers of the religion of Islam are expected to make during their life if they are able.
4. Hijrah was the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.
5. Fast is to not eat food for a period of time.

Matching Definitions: Islamic Concepts

Match the word (1-4) with its definition (A-D).

Terms

1. Qur’an
2. Arabic Numerals
3. Mosques
4. Prophet

Definitions

• A. Places where Muslims pray.
• B. The holy book of Islam.
• C. The numbers 1 through 9.
• D. Muslims believe that Muhammad was a prophet.

Answers:

Historical Analogies and Key Terms

Exercise VI: Complete the sentences. Use the words below. One word will not be used.

Word Bank: mosaics, vassals, sagas, Orthodox Church, Justinian Code, Barbarians

1. Hot is to cold as vassals were to the Romans.
2. The Code of Hammurabi was to the Babylonians as the Justinian Code was to the Byzantines.
3. Epics were to the Greeks as Barbarians were to the Vikings.
4. The Catholic Church was to the Western Roman Empire as the Orthodox Church was to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Foundations of Islam: Key Figures and Beliefs

Exercise VII: Complete the paragraph. Use the words below. One word will not be used.

Word Bank: Hajj, fast, Medina, Mecca, Kaaba

Muhammad was born in Mecca in Arabia. Muslims believe that an angel appeared to... Continue reading "Ancient Worlds: Empires, Faiths, and Innovations" »

1. What do we call South America, Central America and North America?

A. The Americas

2. What is between Russia and Alaska?

C. the Bering Strait

3. What is maize very similar to?

C. corn

4. What did the Olmecs use to make statues?

D. basalt

5. What did the Olmecs use to make balls?

D. rubber

6. Where did the Nok people live?

A. West Africa

7. Which people built the city of Monte Albán?

A. Zapotec

8. Which people started a civilization on the Yucatan península?

D. Maya

9. Which city name means “City of the Gods”?

C. Teotihuacan

10. What did the Olmecs use to make statues?

basalt

11. Which people settled in Normandy?

Vikings

12. What do historians call the early part of the Middle Ages?

Dark Ages

13. Who was the ruler of Gaul in 768 AD?

A. Roland B. Charlemagne... Continue reading "Ancient Civilizations and World History Quiz" »

Essential Vocabulary for Global News and Current Affairs

Environmental and Disaster Terminology

Crop

A plant, such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable, that is grown in large amounts by farmers.

Soil

The top layer of earth that plants grow in.

To harvest

To pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish to eat.

Drought

A long period when there is little or no rain (Spanish: sequía).

Outbreak

A time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant.

Salvo

A sudden attack.

Famine

A situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people.

Meltdown

A situation when fuel in a nuclear power station becomes very hot and melts through its container, escaping into the air.

Reactor

A machine which

Animal Farm: A Summary

The Rebellion

At Manor Farm, owned by the neglectful Mr. Jones, the animals lived in discontent. Inspired by Old Major's dream of freedom, they planned a rebellion led by the pigs Snowball and Napoleon. When Mr. Jones failed to feed them, the animals revolted, expelling him and his workers. The farm was renamed Animal Farm, and seven commandments were established.

The Rise of Napoleon

Initially, the rebellion thrived. However, the pigs, particularly Napoleon, began to assert dominance. Napoleon, aided by the persuasive pig Squealer, implemented rations favoring the pigs. When Jones attempted to reclaim the farm, Snowball's tactics led the animals to victory in the Battle of the Cowshed. Later, Napoleon, opposed to Snowball'... Continue reading "Animal Farm: A Tale of Rebellion and Betrayal" »

Understanding Verb Complementation Types

Verb complementation describes the grammatical elements that follow a verb to complete its meaning. This document details four primary types: intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex-transitive verbs.

Intransitive Verbs

An intransitive verb does not require any complements. Some verbs are always intransitive, as seen in these examples: John has arrived or Your views do not matter.

Monotransitive Verbs

Monotransitive verbs require a direct object, which can manifest in several forms:

• Noun Phrase: Noun phrases can become the subject of a corresponding passive clause. For example: The problem was understood (by everyone).
• Finite Clause: These include various types:
  • That-clause as Object: Everyone

Research Design Types

Cross-Sectional Design

• A cross-sectional design is used for research that collects data on relevant variables one time only from a variety of people, subjects, or phenomena.
• A cross-sectional design provides a snapshot of the variables included in the study at one particular point in time.
• Cross-sectional designs generally use survey techniques to gather data, for example, the U.S. Census.

Advantages

• Data on many variables
• Data from a large number of subjects
• Data from dispersed subjects
• Data on attitudes and behaviors
• Good for exploratory research
• Generates hypotheses for future research
• Data useful to many different researchers

Disadvantages

• Increased chances of error
• Increased cost with more subjects and each location
• Cannot measure

What is Statistics?

Statistics is a set of tools designed to analyze data and deduce information about a population from a given sample.

The Three-Step Process of Statistics

1. Sampling and Design of the Experiment: Take a sample (or many) from the population, make observations about the sample, and turn them into numerical data.
2. Descriptive Statistics: Analyze the data to get information about the sample.
3. Statistical Inference: From the data, deduce information about the whole population.

Context is Crucial

The context of a statistical study is crucial in interpreting the results. A population is a set of individuals (people, cases, etc.) that we want to analyze. A sample is a subset of the population. A variable is an aspect or characteristic of the... Continue reading "Statistics: A Guide to Data Analysis and Population Inference" »

Many historians claim that the Treaty of Versailles was a failure because it ultimately led to the rise of Adolf Hitler, World War II, and the Holocaust. But the big question is, why did the Treaty of Versailles fail? History claims that the Treaty failed as it brewed resentment amongst the Germans and also did not help in satisfying the Americans, French, and the British.

Germany's Punishment After World War I

Germany was seen as the country that led to World War I. Hence, the Allies decided to make the country sign a harsh and stringent treaty. This treaty forced Germany to concede its territories to other nations like Poland, Belgium, and Czechoslovakia and return the French land that was annexed during the Franco-Prussian War. Germany even... Continue reading "Treaty of Versailles: Causes of Failure and Impact on WWII" »

BEAT-BEAT-BEATEN-JO----------BEND-BENT-BENT-TOLESTU

BET-BET-BET-APOSTU EGIN------------BITE-BIT-BITTEN-HOZKA EGIN

BLEED-BLED-BLED-ODOLA JARIO----------BLOW-BLEW-BLOWN-APUTU

BREAK-BROKE-BROKEN-APURTU----BRING-BROUGHT-BROUGHT-EKARRI

BUILD-BUILT-BUILT-ERAIKI-----------BURN-BURNT/BURNTED- == -ERRE

BUY-BOUGHT-BOUGHT-EROSI----------CATCH-CAUGHT-CAUGHT-HARTU

CHOOSE-CHOSE-CHOSE-AUKERATU------------COME-CAME-COME-ETORRI

COST-COST-COST-KOSTATU------------CUT-CUT-CUT-MOZTU

DIG-DUG-DUG-AITZURTU------DO-DID-DONE-EGIN

DRAW-DREW-DRAWN-MARRAZTU-------DREAM-DREAMT/DREAMED-==-

DRINK-DRANK-DRUNK-EDAN--------DRIVE-DROVE-DRIVEN-GIDATU

EAT-ATE-EATEN-------FALL-FELL-FALLEN-ERORI------FEED-FED-FED-ELIKATU

FEEL-FELT-FELT-SENTITU--------FIGHT-FOUGHT-FOUGHT-BORROKATU

FIND-FOUND-FOUND-... Continue reading "Irregular Verbs in English: Past Simple and Past Participle Forms" »