Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Understanding the Research Process

The process for a research paper involves interpreting the results of research and then proving or disproving a hypothesis.

Crafting Your Research Question

What are you interested in? What do you need to know about it?

Narrowing Down Research

To summarize, focus only on what is relevant to your topic.

Importance of Citing Sources

Citing sources gives you credibility and avoids legal issues and plagiarism.

Steps in the Research Process

1. Research Question
2. Background Information
3. Hypothesis
4. Design Experiment
5. Collect Data
6. Analyze Results
7. Publish Findings

Preparing for Research

The process needed to prepare for research involves:

• Define
• Explore
• Identify
• Relate

Information Processing Skills

Requirements to effectively process information:... Continue reading "Mastering the Research Process and Citation" »

Document Analysis: Prim Sour

Type: Article, propaganda text, and narrative/content, socio-political text.

Author: Socialists, their Bulletin La Lucha de Clases, published by socialist committees of Bilbao, Gallarta, and Ortuella (inspired by Facundo Perezagua). Introduction: La lucha de clases.

Addressed: Workers of Bizkaia (miners), but also the Government (public text).

Objective: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.

Location and Date: Period of the process of industrialization in Bizkaia (1896), accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie, poor living and working conditions for workers, leading to the beginning of the labor movement.

Main Idea: Denounce the working conditions of miners and call for mobilization.... Continue reading "Miners' Struggle in Bizkaia: 1896 Industrialization" »

The Restoration Era After Napoleon (1815)

Following Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Ancien Régime was restored. This meant a return to the political system imposed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These European powers met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and implemented several measures:

• Absolute monarchs were reinstated.
• Europe’s borders were redrawn.
• The European powers agreed to support any monarch facing revolution.

During the Restoration, two alliances formed:

• The Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
• The Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.

Key Ideologies of the 19th Century

Three main ideologies shaped the era:

• Liberalism: Advocated for individual liberties such as the right to life, freedom

Introduction

In the coming years, the manufacture of mirrors and glass will grow because the demand will be higher.

The process of making glass consists of melting certain substances until they solidify. This process dates back to a time before 2000 BC when glass was worked by hand using molds. Over time, glass has been used to make containers, decorative objects such as jewelry, and also in architecture and industry. At present, its recycling provides an important benefit to conserve the environment and reduce pollution.

Hypothesis

How viable is it to assemble a glass processing plant in Ecuador?

Ecuador does not manufacture glass; it is always imported. What they do in Ecuador is the processing of glass, such as:

• Polishing
• Vice-lane
• Stacking and

Reported Speech Exercises

Exercise 1

1. Paula said that she hadn’t mentioned anything.
2. The manager ordered us to keep those documents in the cupboard.
3. Eric asked me why Lucy was worried.
4. The gardener said that the flowers had died because of the lack of rain.
5. My grandmother suggested going to a restaurant instead of cooking at home.
6. The teacher wanted to know if the students had been listening during her lecture.
7. The headmaster affirmed that they would take the rest the following Monday.
8. My boss asked me how often I had missed work the month before.

Exercise 2

1. Mum warned me not to forget to wear sunscreen.
2. The man asked if the plane had landed yet.
3. Jill wondered whether they had gone to the party.
4. The teacher explained that we could hand in the project the

Communication in Early Childhood Education

Body Language

(Ribas Antuña: 2011) Body language is specifically mentioned in the Infant Curriculum. When learning a foreign language, our body is essential. Images and realia materials are extremely important in the teaching-learning process. Our body, one of the main elements of non-verbal communication, is also a means to make our pupils conscious of shapes, spaces, and objects. Pointing out is absolutely important. By using our body without speaking, students can make associations between English names and objects, parts of the body, etc. Our body is also a means and a tool for dramatization activities.

Verbal Communication

• Set of signs
• Oral or written communication in its multiple forms
• Convention

1. The Three-Fifths Compromise

One of the most misunderstood clauses in the United States Constitution is found in Article 1, Section 2: “Representatives… shall be apportioned among the… States… by adding to the whole Number of free Persons... three-fifths of all other Persons.”

The Three-Fifths Compromise was devised by those who opposed slavery, not by those who were for slavery. Or, to put it another way, it wasn’t the racists of the South who wanted to count slave populations less than white populations – it was the abolitionists of the North.

Description

The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. Whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted... Continue reading "The Three-Fifths Compromise and Other Key Events Leading to the Civil War" »

The Will and Voluntary Action

Description of a Voluntary Action

Difference Between Wanting and Desiring

• It starts to appear when the good, intellectually conceived, is not sensible.
• It clearly appears when there is opposition between the will and desire.

Analysis of a Voluntary Action

External Sensible Knowledge

The Object of the Senses

• Formal Object:
  • Per se (Direct): That which can be perceived by the sense.
    • Proper: Can only be perceived by one specific sense.
    • Common: Can be perceived by multiple senses.
  • Per accidens (Indirect): That which the sense does not perceive by itself, but is added by the soul to the direct object. Our senses are never wrong; this is confirmed by experience.

The Nature of the Senses

Senses are potencies or powers. They require stimulation to transition from potency to act. Senses react to the action of an object; they are passive, meaning they will not react without external activity.

1. It is a capability.
2. It is a passive potency.
3. It is neither purely material nor spiritual; senses are bodies informed by an