Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Cell Structure and Membrane Transport

9) Which component is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton?

C

10) Which component is a glycolipid?

B

11) Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

12) Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

CO2

13) Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?

Aquaporins

14) Diffusion _____.

Is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

15) Which of the following is true of osmosis?

In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas

Business Plan vs. Business Model

A Business Plan is a detailed document (typically 50-100 pages) containing extensive financial projections and loan projections. In contrast, a Business Model is a much less detailed, single concept that describes the specific way a business expects to make money. It illustrates the capabilities and resources required to create, market, and deliver value while generating profitable, sustainable revenue streams.

Common Business Archetypes

Key business archetypes include:

• Entrepreneur
• Manufacturer
• Wholesaler
• Inventor
• Contractor
• Financial Trader

Four Key Aspects of a Business Model

The four pillars of a business model are:

1. Offer
2. Customer
3. Infrastructure
4. Finance (including revenue streams and cost structure)

Scalability in Modern

Diphthongs

Described as vowel glides, since in their production the tongue begins in one place and moves to another. This movement of the tongue, however smooth, results in a change of vowel quality, which is why diphthongs are sometimes looked upon as 'combinations of 2 vowels'.

Diphthongs are usually classified according to whether they are:

• Falling or rising
• Wide or narrow
• Front or back
• Closing or centering

The diphthongs of RP are all stressed on the first element, described as falling. Those stressed on the finishing point (rising), can also be wide or narrow, according to the movement of the tongue from the first to the second target. Those in which the position of the tongue body changes quite noticeably are described as 'wide diphthongs'.... Continue reading "English Phonetics: Diphthongs and Consonants" »

The Gawain-Poet and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

1. The Manuscript

Sir Gawain is extant in a single manuscript: British Library, Cotton Nero A.x., fols. 91a–124b. In the manuscript, Sir Gawain is preceded by three other works titled by modern scholarship Pearl, Cleanness, and Patience. This vellum manuscript has been regarded as a copy, due mainly to the occurrence of scribal errors.

About the manuscript provenance, we know that the antiquary Sir Robert Cotton acquired it at the death of Henry Savile of Bank (1568–1617), and that it survived the fire that devastated the Cottonian collection in 1731.

This is more or less all the factual information that we have. Additionally, Sir Gawain provides internal information that points to the north-... Continue reading "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Manuscript, Date, and Author Analysis" »

1. Brotherhood Identity Alteration

   The Brotherhood alters its members' identities by surgically changing their appearances beyond recognition.

2. Brotherhood's Resilience Explained

   O'Brien states the Brotherhood can never be wiped out because its individual members possess very little knowledge of its overall workings, size, or activities.

3. Winston's Toast with O'Brien and Julia

   Winston suggests he, Julia, and O’Brien drink the last of the wine to toast the past.

4. O'Brien's Promised Delivery to Winston

   O’Brien tells Winston he will arrange for a man with a briefcase to deliver a copy of the book written by Goldstein, which explains the Brotherhood’s principles.

5. Winston's Question About the Rhyme

   Before leaving, Winston asks O’Brien if he knows the rhyme

Romanticism's Core Themes

Romanticism, a philosophical and artistic movement, profoundly influenced science, politics, and literature. It emphasized several key themes:

• Autobiographical Tendency: Exploring the self, often through introspection and a search for identity.
• Existentialism: Questioning existence, purpose, and the meaning of life ('Who am I?').
• Search for Identity: A deep dive into personal origins and the essence of being.
• Nature as Inspiration: Finding divine inspiration and artistic motivation in the natural world.
• Narcissistic Ego: A focus on the individual's perspective and experiences.
• Break with the Past: Rejecting traditional norms and embracing new ways of thinking.
• Political Animals: Recognizing the inherent political nature of

Representations of Social Groups in Media

Constructing Meaning Through Visual and Technical Codes

Representations in media involve how producers portray social groups using visual and technical codes. These codes reveal the producer's intended ideology. Stuart Hall suggests that representations are formed through the repetition and remixing of media trends. Ethnic representation, in particular, manifests diversely in media, influenced by social, cultural, and historical contexts. This essay explores how producers represent ethnic minorities in Beyoncé's 2016 music video "Formation" and the 2017 Guinness television advertisement "Compton Cowboys," highlighting the contrasting ideologies presented.

Beyoncé's "Formation": Subverting the "Black"

Contracts

Informal

Vocabulary

1.

• basement = sótano
• orden sth online = pedir algo por internet
• a can of soup = una lata de sopa
• aim = objetivo
• seize the day = aprovecha el día
• to throw litter = tirar a la basura
• health care = cuidado de la salud
• a swimming cap = un gorro de piscina
• economic growth = crecimiento económico

2.

• 1. am having (1)
• 2. don't look (2)
• 3. does she have (2)
• 4. are you looking (1)
• 5. hate (1)

3.

• outgoing = fiestero
• fleece = forro polar
• mittens = manoplas
• sensitive = sensible
• sth fits you = algo que te queda bien
• short-sighted = miope
• understanding = comprensible
• get changed = cambiarse
• bangles = pulseras

4.

• muffins C
• cabbage U
• sauce U
• leuce C
• meat U
• steak C
• jam U

6.

• watching (1)
• to go (2)
• training (1)
• playing (1)
• to sing (2)

7.

• 6-7-5-4-3-1-2
• score
• win
• lose/keep
• came/beat
• broke

8.

• 4-5-

UN Special Procedures: Guardians of Human Rights

UN Special Procedures are independent human rights experts who are appointed by the Human Rights Council to advise on human rights from either a thematic or country-specific perspective. This system is a key element in the United Nations' efforts to protect human rights globally. As Kofi Annan famously stated, UN Special Procedures are "the crown jewel of the system."

Independence and Role of Special Rapporteurs

• These experts report to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
• They maintain independence and impartiality, which helps them achieve their objective of better reporting on the reality of human rights in various programs.
• The experts are often referred