Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code.^[1] When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be 'infected' with a computer virus.^[2][3]

Virus writers use social engineering deceptions and exploit detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to initially infect systems and to spread the virus. The vast majority of viruses target systems running Microsoft Windows,^[4][5][6] employing a variety of mechanisms to infect new hosts,^[7] and often using complex anti-detection/stealth strategies to evade antivirus software.^{[8][9][10][11]} Motives for creating viruses can include seeking profit (e.g., with ransomware), desire... Continue reading "Understanding Computer Viruses and Network Topologies" »

The Rise of Modern America: Industrialization and Societal Impact

Reasons for Industrialization

Industrialization occurred due to several major factors, including the availability of new resources, groundbreaking inventions, and the critical need for reconstruction and improvement in the South following the Civil War.

The growing population spurred the demand for new resources and technological advancements. Furthermore, reconstruction efforts in the South were crucial, leading to an influx of new immigrants. These combined factors initiated significant societal and economic growth in the United States.

Industrialization's Impact on the South

Industrialization profoundly impacted the South during the Reconstruction era. Key impacts included:

• Job

English Vocabulary and Word Families

Below is a list of related English terms, their grammatical categories, and Spanish translations.

Science and Literacy Terms

• Scientist (n) → Científico (n)
• Scientific (adj) → Científico (adj)
• Scientifically (adv) → Científicamente (adv)
• Science (n) → Ciencia (n)
• Illiteracy (n) → Analfabetismo (n)
• Literacy (n) → Alfabetización (n)
• Literate (adj) → Alfabetizado (adj)
• Illiterate (adj) → Analfabeto (adj)

Tolerance and Expectation Terms

• Permissive (adj) → Tolerante (adj)
• Permission (n) → Permiso (n)
• Permitted (adj) → Permitido (adj)
• Permit (v) → Permitir (v)
• Expectations (n) → Expectativas (n)
• Expect (v) → Esperar (v)
• Expecting (v) → Estar embarazada (v) (Contextual meaning)
• Expectancy (n) →

The Remarkable Life of Tererai Trent

Tererai Trent was born in 1965 in rural Zimbabwe, in a hut that had no electricity or running water. Although her culture did not believe in educating girls, Tererai was desperate to learn. She taught herself to read and write using schoolbooks that belonged to her brother, Tinashe, who was delighted to let her do his homework.

Writs in Indian Law

Habeas Corpus

"Habeas Corpus" is a Latin term which literally means "you may have the body." The writ is issued to produce a person who has been detained, whether in prison or in private custody, before a court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.

AK Roy vs Union of India, Kanu Sanyal vs District Magistrate

Mandamus

"Mandamus" is a Latin word, which means "We Command". Mandamus is an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a public or statutory duty. This writ of command is issued by the Supreme Court or High Court when any government, court, corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.

East India vs Collector of

Separation of Powers

• Legislative Function
• Executive Function
• Judicial Function

Administrative Law

Collectivisation

The USSR needed to produce more food, so increasing production was essential. The majority of peasants were poor and lacked equipment for working the land. The kulaks were rich peasants who were influential in villages but annoyed the Communist Party. Stalin began collectivising all farms: peasants worked together on lands, and when the harvest was collected, a part was sold to the government at a low price, the rest for peasants. They were forced to collectivise. The problem with collectivisation was that due to the speed of the change, their traditional way of life was destroyed. Kulaks resisted the change. The new exploitations were forced to grow particular crops needed for industry and had to supply a specific amount to... Continue reading "Impact of Collectivisation and Stalin's Purges in the USSR" »

Brest-Litovsk Peace

Germans were advancing in Russia and they signed the Brest Litovsk Treaty, so Russia left WW1, having accepted German conditions. A civil war started in Russia because people saw communists as danger.

Civil War

• Whites were anti-communists.

• Reds were communists.

Great Britain, France and US helped the Whites to stop communism. Red forces were united while White forces were not. That made difficult the coordination of their attacks. When the red Army defeated their enemies in Russia, they went to Poland to spread communism, but Poland defeated them. Tsar and his family were executed

War communism and mutiny

• War communism was a system established by the Reds to win the War. They had power over the people and they use violence in case

Russian Revolution: The Path to Change

Russia Under Tsarist Rule: Seeds of Discontent

His government was unpopular for several reasons:

• The Tsar held absolute power; there was no parliament. The country's wealth and land were primarily owned by a noble class, and the Church was firmly on the Tsar's side.
• Peasant villages were controlled by the ‘mir’ (local council), which interfered in business and had the power to decide what peasants were allowed to own.
• The growth of industry led to a large working population, but workers faced poor conditions and low wages.
• In 1905, Russia suffered a humiliating defeat by Japan.
• There were widespread strikes and demonstrations, such as Bloody Sunday. Workers marched to the Tsar's Winter Palace asking for better

In addition to theoretical science, Aristotle distinguishes two other classes, which he calls practical and productive. To the practical sciences belong Politics, whose object is the common good, Economy, and Ethics. This understanding is crucial for his claim that Ethics is subordinated to Politics. The Greeks understood man not in isolation, but as a social being, integrated within the family and the city, outside of which they believed individual perfection was unattainable.

The Natural Political Community

The political community is a being, and as such, it also possesses its own goods. These goods consist of the perfect development of its nature. But what kind of being is the political community? At first glance, the simplest answer might... Continue reading "Aristotle's Political Thought: Man, Polis, and Governance" »