Mastering Modal Verbs and Building Vocabulary
Classified in English
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Grammar
Modal Verbs
| Function | Present/Future | Past - Modal Perfects |
|---|---|---|
| Ability Inability | can can’t/cannot am/is/are (not) able to | could/couldn’t was/were (not) able to could have + past participle |
| Possibility Impossibility Small Probability | may/can/could can’t/couldn’t might (not) | could/couldn’t may/might (not) have + past participle |
| High Probability Certainty Logical Deduction | must can’t/couldn’t | must have + past participle can’t/couldn’t have + past participle |
| Request Polite Request | can could | could |
| Permission | may/can am/is/are allowed to | could was/were allowed to |
| Prohibition | mustn’t can’t/cannot | couldn’t wasn’t/weren’t allowed to |
| Obligation/Duty Necessity | must have to shall | had to |
| Lack of Obligation | don’t have to needn’t don’t need to | didn’t have to needn’t have |