Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Application Software

System Software

Operating System

Why OS?

Operating System Function

OS Goals

Types of Operating Systems

• Single Process Operating System
• Batch-Processing Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multitasking Operating System
• Multi-Processing Operating System
• Distributed System
• Real Time OS

Program

Process

Thread

Multi-tasking vs Multi-Threading

Thread Scheduling

Thread Context Switching vs Process Context Switching

User Space

Kernel

Functions of Kernel

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• I/O Management

Type Of Kernel

• Monolithic
• Micro
• Hybrid
• Nano

System Calls

Types

• Process Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Information Management
• Communication Management

Firmware: SW embedded in HW (microprocessor -> microcontroller)

What

What If Everyone Did It? (Immanuel Kant)

• If you help because it hurts you, it is not a moral action.
• Morality depends on what you do and why you do it.
• You should never lie.
• We all have an absolute duty to tell the truth → Categorical imperative (order).
• We act on the basis of “maxims”. For something to be moral, it must be applicable to everyone (maxims applicable in all cases).
• Always ask yourself the question of what if everyone did it?

Such Practice (Jeremy Bentham)

• Panopticon (a machine to make rogues honest).
• Utilitarianism or the Principle of Greatest Happiness → It consists of the idea that what is correct is what produces the greatest happiness.
• Happiness is pleasure and absence of pain. We seek pleasurable experiences and avoid painful

Room to Grow (John Stuart Mill)

- He was a genius, raised on utilitarianism.

- There are different types of pleasure, and some are better than others.

- Anyone who has experienced high and low pleasures prefers the high.

- Paternalism: Forcing someone to do something for their good (acceptable only in children).

- The Harm Principle: Every adult should be free to live as they want as long as they do not harm anyone.

- The more freedom, the happier.

Unintelligent Design (Charles Darwin)

- Everyone has apes in their family tree; we are part of nature.

- His theory explains how human beings, plants, and animals have come to be what they are and how they are still changing.

- You cannot be a Darwinian and also believe that God created all species as they... Continue reading "Philosophical Insights: Mill to Freud" »

Learning from Mistakes: Popper and Kuhn

Science progresses not by proving theories right, but by recognizing when our understanding of reality is false. Scientists actively try to disprove their theories.

• Induction: If you observe that it rains every Thursday for four weeks, you might conclude that it always rains on Thursdays.
• Science aims to avoid the problem of induction.
• Scientists propose a hypothesis and then test it, seeking evidence that could falsify it. If falsified, the hypothesis is rejected.
• Kuhn: Argued that there are no objective facts waiting to be discovered. Progress occurs through "paradigm shifts," where existing frameworks of thought are overturned.

The Runaway Train and the Unwanted Fiddler

These thought experiments by Philippa... Continue reading "Key Philosophical Concepts: From Popper to Singer" »

Bertrand Russell: The King of France Paradox

• Russell's philosophical inquiries often explored the limits of language and logic.
• He posited that certain statements, like "God cannot save humanity. He does not exist," reflect a particular stance on metaphysical claims.
• Russell also considered situations where "fighting is the best possible option" under exceptional circumstances.
• A paradox is a statement that appears to be true and false at the same time.
• The famous proposition, "The current King of France is bald," is considered false because there is no King of France today. This illustrates Russell's theory of definite descriptions and the problem of non-referring terms in logic.

A.J. Ayer: Verificationism and Emotivism

• A.J. Ayer, a prominent logical

Network Protocols (नेटवर्क प्रोटोकॉल)

Frame Relay क्या है? (What is Frame Relay in Hindi)

Frame Relay एक तेज गति का packet switching प्रोटोकॉल है जिसका प्रयोग Wide Area Networks (WANs) में किया जाता है। इसके अलावा, यह दो या दो से अधिक Local Area Networks (LANs) के बीच data को transfer करता है।

Frame Relay एक packet switched टेक्नोलॉजी है। इसे Local Area Networks के बीच कम खर्च में data transfer करने के लिए design किया गया था। साथ ही,... Continue reading "Frame Relay क्या है? फायदे और नुकसान (हिंदी में पूरी जानकारी)" »

Is It Better for Teenagers to Focus on Friendships Rather Than Romantic Relationships?

It's recommended for teenagers to focus on friendships rather than romantic relationships. It makes total sense; the majority of teenagers are not ready to handle a relationship. Teenagers are still young and still have a long way to go in their lives. You don't know when or where you'll meet your soulmate. The odds are enormous! For that reason, stop seeking love instead of first letting it happen...

On the other hand, imagine breaking up with your significant other and realizing you have fallen head over heels in love with them. There's a possibility of losing your trust in future relationships or never being able to fall in love with someone else.

Moreover,... Continue reading "Teen Relationships: Friendships, Family Vacations, and Media Influence" »

Name three DHS Program Offices

-Office of Child Development and Early Learning (OCDEL); Office of Children, Youth and Families (OCYF); Office of Developmental Programs. (ODP)

Describe what NAS stands for and one change they recommended (Book)

National Academy of Sciences: the need to adjust for cost across geographic regions

Define what SNAP stands for and describe what it provides

-Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Provides nutrition benefits to people in need so they can afford to purchase food.

List two effects of poverty as discussed in Power Point

-Negative effects on wellbeing of children, Homelessness, Illness, Poor Academic achievement.

US and Britain underwent a study between 1992 and 2003 regarding “stayers” of poverty. Approximately

JavaScript Cheat Sheet

JavaScript Arrays

var cars = ["Mercedes", "Tesla","Volvo"];

• pop(): Removes the last element of an array.
• push(): Adds a new element at the end of an array.
• concat(): Joins various arrays into a single array.
• reverse(): Reverses the order of elements in an array.
• indexOf(): Returns the first index of a given element in an array.
• lastIndexOf(): Returns the last index of a given element in an array.
• join(): Combines elements of an array into a single string.
• sort(): Sorts array elements based on a condition.

Global Functions

These functions are built-in to every browser that runs JavaScript:

• parseFloat(): Parses the argument and returns a floating-point number.
• parseInt(): Parses the argument and returns an integer.
• Number(): Returns a

Models of Disability

Social Model of Disability

• Core Concept: A person is limited by environmental barriers, not by their impairment.
• Keys: Social oppression, cultural discourse, environmental barriers.
• Strengths:
  • Straightforward and clear agenda for change.
  • Focuses on the liberation of disabled people.
  • Fosters a positive sense of collective identity.
• Weaknesses:
  • May neglect the lived experience of disability (e.g., the personal impact of impairment).
  • Can overlook individual experiences, assuming every disabled person is oppressed.

Medical Model of Disability

• Core Concept: People are disabled by their impairments or disabilities, which are seen as individual deficits.

Foundational Concepts for Inclusion

Ethics of Inclusion

• Embrace difference and diversity.