Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Spain's Multilingual Reality

Article 3 of the Spanish Constitution acknowledges the country's multilingual nature, stating that:

1. Castilian (Spanish) is the official language of the State, and all Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.
2. Other Spanish languages are also official within their respective Autonomous Communities.
3. The richness of Spain's distinct linguistic modalities is a cultural heritage that shall be respected and protected.

Bilingualism in Society

Bilingualism, the proficiency in two languages, can manifest both individually and societally.

Language Contact Dynamics

Language contact situations give rise to phenomena such as code-switching, interferences (including morphosyntactic, phonic, lexical, and orthographic...

Other Languages are Spanish: Galician, Catalan and Basque

Galician, which comes from Portuguese-Galician formed in the northwest, expanded south with the Reconquista. It had a flourishing literary culture in the Middle Ages, later declined, and reappeared with Romanticism. Currently, it is spoken in western Asturias, El Bierzo, and northwestern Zamora. However, it is in Galicia where the language is recognized as official.

The second language, Catalan, born in the northeast corner, was spreading through Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. At first, it enjoyed a huge literary development that eventually fell into decay and resurfaced with the Renaixença. Today, it is the official language of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands,...

Nietzsche's Stages

Context: Three Phases

Youth/Romantic Period

During his youth, Nietzsche studied Greek culture and was influenced by Wagner's music and Schopenhauer's pessimism. This period deals with pre-Socratics like Heraclitus, emphasizing tragic thinkers, intellectual solitude, and a lucid approach. He critically examined Socrates, viewing moral reasoning as resentment and hatred towards life.

Transitional Period

In this non-positivist phase, Nietzsche draws upon experimental sciences to challenge the romantic values he previously held. This transforms him into a free spirit, opposing his former mentors.

Maturity Period

Nietzsche expounds on key themes like eternal recurrence, the death of God, and the superman. He strongly criticizes the...

The Fall of the Monarchy

Permanent Crisis of the Political System

• Increased prestige of the king.
• The collaboration led to a dictatorship for the king.
• There was no effective political system; the restoration failed because what Primo de Rivera did did not work.
• The only figurehead was the head of state, Alfonso XIII.
• Alfonso XIII decided whether to appoint a head of government to support the Republicans.
• Berenguer's government grew, and opposition united.

Phase Two: August 1930 - Pact of San Sebastian

• Formed by several Republican parties, nationalists, and some socialists.
• An agreement was made to organize an effort to overthrow the king.
• Upon overthrowing the king, an interim government would be formed, and elections would be called to establish a constituent

Gothic Sculpture (13th and 15th Centuries)

Features of Gothic Sculpture

• Figures exhibit a natural, realistic quality, with lifelike poses and expressions. They convey emotions, humanizing the art, while still retaining a degree of idealization.
• High relief is the dominant technique.
• Religious themes, particularly from the New Testament, are emphasized. Unlike the Romanesque period, the focus shifts away from the Book of Revelation.
• Sculptures now express a range of emotions, including pain and pleasure. The Virgin Mary is often depicted as an intermediary. Representations of Christ on the cross are imbued with intense pain and expressiveness.
• In addition to freestanding sculptures, other prominent genres include altarpieces, tombs, and choir stalls.

Foundations of Computer Security

The CIA Triad and Security Design Principles

• Confidentiality: Ensures data is accessible only to authorized entities. It prevents unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information using encryption, access controls, and data masking.
• Integrity: Guarantees that data remains accurate, complete, and uncorrupted by unauthorized modification or deletion. Maintained using hash functions, checksums, and digital signatures.
• Availability: Ensures systems, networks, and data remain operational and accessible to authorized users when needed. Protected via hardware redundancy, backups, and DDoS mitigation.
• Key Design Principles:
  • Least Privilege: Give entities only the minimum permissions necessary to perform their functions.
  • Fail-

Applicant

A person who formally requests a job.

Be Burnt Out

To be ill or very tired from working too hard.

Be Fond Of

To have feelings of affection for someone or something.

Call It a Day

To stop working because you don’t want to do more or you think you have done enough.

Clerk

A person who works in an office, dealing with records or performing office duties.

Dead-End Job

A job which does not offer any opportunity for improving your situation.

Deadline

The time or date by which something must be done.

Field

An area of activity or interest.

Get Fired

To be removed from one’s job.

Get Paid Peanuts

To be paid a very small amount of money.

Get One’s Foot in the Door

To enter a company or organisation at a low level, but with the possibility of moving up in the...

Impressionism: Monet, Renoir, Degas, Rodin

Post-impressionism: Cézanne, Gaudin, Van Gogh

Fauvism: Matisse

Expressionism: Munch, Kirchner

Cubism: analytic or Synthetic. Picasso, Braque

The forms of colonial rule→ mayor imperialist power were GB and France. Soon joined by Germany, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Spain and US and Japan. Diverse forms of colonial rule: -concessions were commercial advantages, the transfer of ports and trade. -Protectors maintained their indigenous. -Governments, but the colonial strength-controlled policy, the army and exploitation of certain territories that were India and Egypt. -Colonies where territories under the sovereignty of such metropole. Position controlled strategic points. -Settler colonialism large scale settling...

Gender Equality: A Fight for Women's Rights

Are you ever unhappy with the way the world is going? Many people complain but do not do anything to change it. In Spain and in many other countries, women get less money than men doing the same job. In my opinion everybody should have the same rights. Since the beginning of time, women have been treated as inferior human beings. In the early years they were considered as mere objects, whose only utility was to raise the children and to do all the housekeeping, while the man was working, or having a social life. Not long ago, women couldn’t vote, and they couldn’t be independent, they were always depending on a man, either their father, brother, husband… The situation is getting better, but we...

Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words

A

1. Agonized

Manifesting, suffering, or characterized by great physical or mental pain.

2. Ample

Large and accommodating.

3. Assent

The expression of approval or agreement.

B

4. Befall

(Of something bad) happen to someone.

C

5. Chariots

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

6. Conceive

Become pregnant with (a child). Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind.

7. Cordial

Friendly, warm.

D

8. Dews

Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface.

9. Divine

Of, from, or like God or a god.

10. Doe

Female deer.

F

11. Foe

An enemy or opponent.

G

12. Gossamer

Used to refer to something very light, thin, and insubstantial or delicate....