Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Baccalaureate

21 JULY 1876 LAW

The text we have this time is a letter in which several articles from a legal law are kept. It deals with the matter of eliminating the Basque Fueros. It was written by the Spanish Courts and the king in force Alphonse XII in 1876, after the end of the 3^rd Carlist War.

In the 1^st Carlist War, Basque people supported Carlists in order to maintain the Fueros. As Carlists were defeated, some reforms were made in those Fueros. After the Glorious Revolution, in 1868, Isabella II (the Queen) was expelled from the throne and instead, Amadeo of Savoy. In that moment, a conflict started because some liberals appeared in favor of Carlism, not to lose the fueros. So again, as in the 1^st Carlist War, the conflict was between liberals and... Continue reading "The 1876 Law: Elimination of Basque Fueros" »

The Persian Manifesto: A Call to Restore Absolutism in 1814

We are looking at a letter written in 1814 by a group of absolutist deputies, who called themselves the Persians. It was addressed to King Ferdinand VII upon his return to Spain, with the aim of restoring absolutism.

The Political Climate in Spain

The confrontation between Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII allowed Napoleon to summon both to Bayonne, where he convinced them to abdicate in his favor. He then bestowed the Spanish crown upon his brother, Joseph I, who was not accepted by the Spaniards. During his reign, Joseph I granted the citizens the Statute of Bayonne and implemented liberal measures, representing an advanced form of government. This sparked the War of Independence... Continue reading "The Persian Manifesto: A Call to Restore Absolutism in Spain" »

• Financial System & Economic Development: Demand for financial services comes from activities of non-financial firms (real sector). Monetary policy in development: regulate economic activity and inflation, increase supply of money leads to an increase in loanable funds, more investments, and decrease in interest rates.
• Why is development different? Highly organized, economically interdependent, and efficient functioning (spatially fragmented) money and credit markets. Consistency and uniformity in interest rates across different sectors and regions.
• Constrained by the openness of their economies. (Pegging of currencies to USD + have to trade in well-accepted currency) (impossible trilemma of free capital flow/fixed exchange rates/sovereign

What is Socialization?

Socialization is the ongoing process by which we develop our sense of self and learn the ways of society.

Internalization

Internalization is the process by which people take in the values and norms that the agents of socialization are trying to instill.

Social Groups

Groups consist of two or more people who share an identity, feel a sense of belonging, and interact with each other. We can distinguish between:

• In-group: A group you belong to.
• Out-group: A group you do not belong to.

The Importance of Social Contact

Close contact with others is critical to our development. Strong social ties are linked to well-being, while social isolation is detrimental to humans. "Feral" children are an example of the negative effects of extreme... Continue reading "Understanding Socialization: Key Concepts and Theories" »

European Union Energy Market Regulations

1st package- Directives 96.92 concern common rules for the internal market in electricity and 98.30 internal market of natural gas. Liberalization was to be progressive, applying gradually to different categories of consumers. Introduce a partial opening of national markets to competition, both required liberalization of certain segments of their electric and gas markets to enlarge. 2nd- 2003.55-54 liberalization process took place at different speeds in different member states aiming at the creation of an internal market. Required national gas and electric markets to be liberalized for large consumers by 2004 and 2007, respectively. 3rd- Directive on electric, on gas, security of supply electric, regulate... Continue reading "European Union Energy and Financial Market Regulations" »

Definition of Economics

Wealth Definition, Welfare Definition, Scarcity Definition, and Growth Definition

Managerial economics focuses on applying business principles and methodologies to decision-making within a firm or organization, particularly under uncertainty. It aims to establish rules and principles that help achieve desired economic outcomes related to costs, revenue, and profits, which are crucial for both business and non-business entities. Managerial economics explores how to effectively allocate scarce resources to achieve managerial goals.

Objectives

The primary objective of managerial economics is to analyze and solve economic problems faced by businesses. Other key objectives include:

1. Integrating economic theory with practical business

Barlow and Ourand

Common Features Showed

Factors that May Help Develop This

Possible Ways Patients May Not Adhere Properly

Why Patients May Not Adhere

Key Factors Influencing Tourism Participation

Determinants explain why some countries have a high propensity to participate in tourism, whereas other countries show a lower one. Determinants can be classified into the following categories:

• Economic: Disposable income, GNP per capita, private consumption, cost of living, tourism prices, exchange rate differentials, promotional expenditure, and prices of other destinations.
• Sociological: Motivations, travel preferences, perceptions of destinations, paid vacations, past experience, and images of destinations.
• Demographic: Life span, physical capacity, health and wellness, etc.
• Political: Political and social environment, barriers and obstacles, restrictions, rules and laws, war, terrorism, accessibility,

The Tourist Demand

Evolution of Tourist Demand

1948: The U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared travel as a human right. This has led to the concept of Responsible Tourism we see today.

History: Tourist demand has consistently increased over time. Leiper's Outbound Region model highlights that tourist demand is the outcome of activities and decisions made by individuals in the generating region.

Studies on the Evolution of Tourist Demand

UN (1948): Declared everyone has the right to "relief and leisure, including (...) some periodic paid holidays".

UNWTO (1980): The Declaration of Manila stated the ultimate aim of tourism is "the improvement of the quality of life and the creation of better life standards for all nations." This marked... Continue reading "Evolution & Determinants of Tourist Demand: A Comprehensive Guide" »