Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Conditionals

0 Conditional

if + Present Simple + Present Simple

Situations that are always true or happen repeatedly.

1st Conditional

if + Present Simple + will (verb)

Describes what happens if a condition is met.

2nd Conditional

if + Past Simple + would (verb)

Imaginary future situations, hypothetical cases, unlikely events.

3rd Conditional

If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle

Impossible conditions as they refer to the past.

The Passive Voice

Present Simple: The waiter serves the customers (A) --> The customers are served by the waiter (P)

Present Continuous: ...is serving... --> ...are being served...

Past Simple: ...served... --> ...were served...

Past Continuous: ...was serving... --> ...were being served...

Present Perfect Simple:

THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT

Chamberlain returns from Munich and says he has saved world peace for a long time, waving a paper in which Hitler promised he didn't have more territorial demands in Czechoslovakia. A year later, Germany invades Czechoslovakia.

What is Appeasement?

A diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. It was a total failure. It is applied to the foreign policy of the UK governments in the 1930s, towards the Nazis and Fascists in Italy.

Failure (future perspective):

Why appease Hitler?

• The League of Nations abandoned Czechoslovakia
• Britain is not prepared for war with the Luftwaffe
• Munich was followed by more Nazi demands and attacks
• The Czechs had 36 divisions ready to fight

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO: Susan is who failed

THAT: Denis is the boy that has a cat (se puede quitar)

WHICH/THAT: This is the book which/that I read yesterday

WHOSE: That is the girl whose parents went to Paris

WHERE: This is the beach where I went on summer

WHEN: August is the month when I have my holiday

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO: Marta, who studied a lot, got a 10 in the exam

WHICH: Matilda, which I have read many times, is a really cool book

REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

→ Present participle (-ing) replaced by active form

Se quita who’s, that’s…

Do you know who’s studying?

→ Past participle replace passive verbs

Some of the questions that were included were difficult

Who/That→ para personas (quien)

Which/That→para cosas (el cual)... Continue reading "Understanding Relative Clauses: Definitions and Examples" »

Unit 8 Test

Vocabulary and Grammar, Page 11

1. sweet tooth 6. source

2. shelf life 7. bland

3. gone off 8. health-conscious

4. adequate 9. staple

5. sweetener 10. edible

2. 1. to 2. as 3. on 4. for 5. with

3. 1. food for thought 2. eat humble pie 3. don’t bite off more than you can chew 4. put all your eggs in one basket 5. are not my cup of tea

Page 24

1. were used to 4. so

2. nor 5. would

3. had better

5. Accept all logical and grammatically correct answers.

6. 1. going 6. if

2. have 7. must

3. which / that 8. such

4. had / got 9. get

5. should / must 10. so

Unit 8 Test Level 2

Vocabulary and Grammar, Page 11

1. changed my mind 6. shelf life

2. run out of 7. raw

3. gone off 8. shortage

4. sweet tooth 9. treat

5. health-conscious 10. source

2. 1. live up to 4. get... Continue reading "Unit 8 Test: Vocabulary, Grammar, and Comprehension" »

Mastering English Passive Voice

The passive voice emphasizes the action or the recipient of the action rather than the performer. Its general structure is: Object + Passive Verb + (by + Agent).

Passive Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: AM (not) / ARE (not) / IS (not) + past participle
• Past Simple: WAS (not) / WERE (not) + past participle
• Future 'Will': WILL (not) BE + past participle
• Future 'Going To': AM (not) GOING TO BE / ARE (not) GOING TO BE / IS (not) GOING TO BE + past participle
• Present Continuous: AM (not) BEING / ARE (not) BEING / IS (not) BEING + past participle
• Past Continuous: WAS (not) BEING / WERE (not) BEING + past participle
• Present Perfect: HAVE (not) BEEN / HAS (not) BEEN + past participle
• Past Perfect: HAD (not) BEEN + past participle
• Modal

Vocabulary for Urban Living

Neighbour: person living near you

Zip code: code of letters and digits added to a postal address

Post code: postal number for the area of the city where you live in

Parking lot: place where vehicles can be parked in

Car park: place where vehicles can be parked in

Elevator: small room that carries people/goods up and down a building

Lift: device that carries people/goods up and down inside buildings

Make a name for yourself: become famous/respected by a lot of people

Make a start on/get going: begin something

Get the picture: understand what you are told

Have something against: object to something

To do your utmost: do your best

Have no option (but to do something): not have the possibility to do something else

Make a list of:... Continue reading "Vocabulary for Urban Living: Neighbors, Parking, and Housing" »

Conditionals

Understanding and correctly using conditional sentences is crucial for clear communication in English. Here's a breakdown:

• Zero Conditional: If + present simple, present simple. (Used for general truths or facts)
• First Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive. (Used for real or likely future possibilities)
• Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive. (Used for hypothetical or unlikely situations)
• Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + past participle. (Used for unreal past situations and their hypothetical results)

Mixed Conditionals (less common, combining different types):

• If + past perfect, would + infinitive (Example: If I had studied harder, I would be a doctor now.)
• If + past simple, would have

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple

Use for completed actions in the past.

Time markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, when

Present Perfect

Use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Time markers: never, ever, already, just, yet, lately, for, since

For negative sentences, use the corresponding positive tense.

Questions

Use the same tense as the original statement.

Structure: (wh + verb + subject + verb + rest of the sentence)

If there's only one verb, conjugate the verb 'to be' in the corresponding tense.

Question words:

• What - qué
• When - cuándo
• Where - dónde
• How many - cuánto
• Who - quién
• Why - por qué
• Which - cuál

Relative Clauses

Defining

No commas needed. If the relative pronoun is the... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Mastering Key Concepts" »

Vocabulary Pricing

Penetration Pricing

When a company offers a limited-time discount and then raises the price. Examples: telephone agencies, insurance.

Premium Pricing

A strategy where a company prices its product higher than competitors. Examples: Apple, Ferrari.

Price Skimming

A strategy where a firm charges the highest initial price customers will pay and then gradually lowers it. Example: Apple lowers the price of previous iPhone models when they release a new one.

Captive Pricing

A strategy used for products with a core component and expensive accessories. Example: Printing machines are cheap, but the necessary accessories are expensive.

Predatory Pricing

The illegal act of setting prices low to eliminate competition.

Loss Leadership Pricing

Involves... Continue reading "Pricing Strategies, AIDA Model, Persuasive Techniques, and Advertising Appeals in Marketing" »